How Does Perpres 166/2024 Establish BP2MI as the PMI Protection Agency?

Introduction

On November 5, 2024, President Prabowo Subianto issued Peraturan Presiden Nomor 166 Tahun 2024 tentang Badan Pelindungan Pekerja Migran Indonesia (Presidential Regulation Number 166 of 2024 concerning the Indonesian Migrant Worker Protection Agency), recorded in State Gazette of the Republic of Indonesia Year 2024 Number 362. This regulation establishes BP2MI as a Non-Ministerial Government Institution (Lembaga Pemerintah Non Kementerian/LPNK) tasked with implementing government duties in the field of Indonesian migrant worker protection. The issuance of Perpres 166/2024 occurs simultaneously with Perpres 165/2024 concerning the Ministry of Indonesian Migrant Worker Protection (Kementerian Pelindungan Pekerja Migran Indonesia/KP2MI), recorded in State Gazette Year 2024 Number 361, creating a dual institutional framework where protection of migrant workers operates through both a ministry and a non-ministerial agency.

This regulatory transformation represents a significant shift in Indonesia's approach to protecting the approximately 9 million Indonesian citizens working abroad. Under President Prabowo Subianto's Red and White Cabinet (Kabinet Merah Putih), protection of migrant workers has been elevated from an administrative function to a national policy priority based on justice, advocacy, and state sovereignty. The establishment of BP2MI under Perpres 166/2024 marks the continuation of institutional evolution from the former National Agency for Placement and Protection of Indonesian Workers (BNP2TKI), which was transformed into BP2MI through Perpres 90/2019. The 2024 regulation further refines BP2MI's legal status, organizational structure, and operational mandate within the new governmental architecture.

The regulation addresses five critical dimensions of BP2MI's institutional framework: its legal status as an LPNK directly under presidential authority, its unique leadership structure where ministerial positions concurrently serve as agency heads, its dual functions encompassing both placement and protection of migrant workers, its coordination mechanisms with the parent ministry and other government entities, and its operational implementation through regional service units. This article analyzes each dimension systematically to understand how Perpres 166/2024 establishes BP2MI as the implementing agency for Indonesian migrant worker protection.

Section 1: The LPNK Status: BP2MI as Non-Ministerial Government Agency

Perpres 166/2024 defines BP2MI's institutional character through its classification as a Lembaga Pemerintah Non Kementerian (LPNK), a distinctive category within Indonesia's administrative structure. The regulation states in its general provisions:

"Badan Pelindungan Pekerja Migran Indonesia yang selanjutnya disingkat BP2MI adalah Lembaga Pemerintah Non Kementerian yang melaksanakan tugas pemerintahan di bidang pelindungan Pekerja Migran Indonesia."

Translation: "The Indonesian Migrant Worker Protection Agency, hereinafter abbreviated as BP2MI, is a Non-Ministerial Government Institution that carries out government tasks in the field of Indonesian migrant worker protection."

This LPNK designation places BP2MI in a specific administrative category distinct from ministries. According to Indonesia's state administration framework, LPNKs are government institutions formed to carry out specific governmental tasks under presidential authority but outside the ministerial structure. The LPNK status provides BP2MI with technical autonomy and operational flexibility while maintaining direct accountability to the President. Unlike ministries that handle broad policy formulation across multiple sectors, LPNKs focus on implementing specialized governmental functions requiring technical expertise and dedicated organizational capacity.

The regulation further specifies BP2MI's hierarchical position: "Badan ini dipimpin oleh Kepala yang berada di bawah dan bertanggung jawab kepada Presiden" (The Agency is led by a Head who is under and accountable to the President). This direct reporting relationship to the President establishes BP2MI's institutional independence from other ministerial hierarchies while placing it within the executive branch's highest echelon. The presidential accountability structure enables BP2MI to coordinate horizontally with multiple ministries and agencies without being subordinated to any single ministerial chain of command, facilitating the inter-agency collaboration necessary for comprehensive migrant worker protection.

Perpres 166/2024 was issued pursuant to Article 11 of Law Number 39 of 2008 concerning State Ministries as amended by Law Number 61 of 2024. This legal foundation authorizes the President to establish LPNKs for specific governmental tasks that require dedicated institutional capacity. The regulation positions BP2MI within the broader administrative reform initiated by President Prabowo Subianto's government, which includes the establishment of KP2MI through Perpres 165/2024. The simultaneous creation of a ministry and an LPNK for migrant worker protection reflects a governance model where policy formulation (ministry function) is separated from policy implementation (LPNK function), theoretically enabling specialized focus and enhanced accountability.

However, the LPNK status creates institutional complexity in the migrant worker protection ecosystem. Academic analysis by legal scholars at Universitas Islam Indonesia highlights concerns about functional duplication between KP2MI and BP2MI. The study notes that both institutions are mandated to carry out tasks in migrant worker protection, potentially violating principles of legal certainty, bureaucratic efficiency, and public accountability. The research suggests that the dual institutional framework may create confusion among migrant workers and service providers regarding which agency is responsible for specific services, potentially undermining the regulation's objective of providing integrated protection.

Matrix 1: Comparative Analysis of BP2MI's Institutional Evolution

The evolution reflected in this matrix demonstrates progressive refinement of BP2MI's institutional design. The 2024 regulation introduces the unique hybrid leadership model where ministerial positions concurrently head the LPNK, representing a significant departure from traditional Indonesian administrative practice. This innovation addresses coordination challenges but raises questions about institutional boundaries and functional clarity within the migrant worker protection system.

Section 2: The Dual Leadership Structure: Minister and Deputy Minister as Agency Heads

Perpres 166/2024 introduces an unprecedented leadership arrangement in Indonesian public administration by designating the Minister and Vice Minister of Migrant Worker Protection as concurrent heads of BP2MI. The regulation stipulates:

"Kepala dijabat oleh Menteri Pelindungan Pekerja Migran Indonesia dan Wakil Kepala dijabat oleh Wakil Menteri Pelindungan Pekerja Migran Indonesia. Dalam memimpin BP2MI, Kepala dibantu oleh Wakil Kepala sesuai dengan penunjukan Presiden."

Translation: "The Head is held by the Minister of Indonesian Migrant Worker Protection and the Deputy Head is held by the Vice Minister of Indonesian Migrant Worker Protection. In leading BP2MI, the Head is assisted by the Deputy Head in accordance with the President's appointment."

This dual leadership structure creates an institutional fusion between KP2MI and BP2MI at the highest organizational level. Under President Prabowo Subianto's Red and White Cabinet, as of December 2024, the concurrent positions are held by: (1) Minister of Migrant Worker Protection/Head of BP2MI: Abdul Kadir Karding, and (2) Vice Ministers of Migrant Worker Protection/Deputy Heads of BP2MI: Dzulfikar Ahmadi Tawalla and Christina Aryani. The regulation's language indicates that while the ministerial positions automatically confer BP2MI leadership, the Vice Ministers require explicit presidential appointment to their Deputy Head roles, providing flexibility in organizational design.

The hybrid leadership model serves multiple administrative objectives. First, it ensures policy coherence between the ministry's strategic direction and the agency's operational implementation. By having the same individuals lead both institutions, Perpres 166/2024 eliminates potential conflicts between policy formulation (ministry function) and policy execution (LPNK function) that could arise under separate leadership. Second, the structure facilitates seamless coordination in resource allocation, program planning, and performance evaluation. Third, it establishes clear accountability, as the Minister/Head bears responsibility for both policy outcomes and implementation effectiveness.

From a governance perspective, this leadership arrangement represents an innovative approach to addressing coordination challenges in Indonesia's fragmented bureaucracy. Traditionally, LPNKs operate independently from ministries, requiring formal coordination mechanisms that can be slow and bureaucratic. By integrating leadership, Perpres 166/2024 creates what scholars term a "hybrid institutional model" where ministerial authority and agency implementation capacity are united under single leadership. This model theoretically enables faster decision-making, more efficient resource deployment, and stronger accountability for protecting migrant workers.

However, the dual leadership structure also presents significant challenges. The Minister/Head must balance two distinct institutional roles with different organizational cultures, stakeholder expectations, and operational demands. The ministry focuses on policy development, inter-ministerial coordination, and parliamentary relations, while the LPNK concentrates on service delivery, permit issuance, and direct interaction with migrant workers and recruitment companies. Managing these dual responsibilities requires exceptional administrative capacity and clear delegation frameworks to prevent role confusion or neglect of either function.

Matrix 2: Leadership Structure and Organizational Hierarchy

The organizational hierarchy reflects a centralized leadership model with decentralized implementation. While ministerial-level leadership provides strategic coherence, the 23 provincial BP3MI units and 25 P4MI service posts operate with regional autonomy to address local migrant worker protection needs. This structure aims to combine national policy consistency with local responsiveness, though coordination challenges between central and regional units remain a common concern in Indonesian public administration.

Section 3: The Protection Functions: Placement and PMI Protection Implementation

Perpres 166/2024 defines BP2MI's mandate through explicit task and function provisions. Article 3 establishes the agency's core task:

"BP2MI mempunyai tugas melaksanakan tugas pemerintahan di bidang pelindungan PMI berdasarkan ketentuan peraturan perundang-undangan."

Translation: "BP2MI has the task of carrying out government duties in the field of PMI protection based on statutory provisions."

This task formulation emphasizes BP2MI's role as an implementing agency rather than a policy-making body. The phrase "based on statutory provisions" indicates that BP2MI operates within legal frameworks established by Parliament and the President, executing policies rather than creating them. This implementation-focused mandate distinguishes BP2MI from KP2MI, which under Perpres 165/2024 is responsible for formulating policies in the migrant worker protection sector.

Article 4 of Perpres 166/2024 elaborates BP2MI's functions in carrying out its task:

"Dalam melaksanakan tugas, BP2MI menyelenggarakan fungsi antara lain: 1) pelaksanaan kebijakan di bidang penempatan dan pelindungan PMI; 2) pelaksanaan pelayanan dan pelindungan PMI."

Translation: "In carrying out its task, BP2MI performs functions including: 1) implementation of policies in the field of PMI placement and protection; 2) implementation of services and PMI protection."

These two primary functions establish BP2MI's dual operational mandate. The first function—policy implementation in placement and protection—positions BP2MI as the executing agency for governmental programs related to both sending migrant workers abroad (placement) and ensuring their welfare and rights (protection). The second function—service implementation and protection—emphasizes BP2MI's direct interaction with migrant workers, providing concrete services such as documentation, orientation, problem resolution, and repatriation assistance.

Beyond these core functions specified in Perpres 166/2024, BP2MI's operational responsibilities include several specialized activities inherited from prior regulations and Law 18/2017 on Migrant Worker Protection. These encompass: (1) placement of migrant workers based on written agreements between the Indonesian government and destination country governments or legal employers in destination countries; (2) issuance, revocation, and extension of permits for migrant worker placement companies (perusahaan penempatan PMI); (3) protection during employment through coordination with Indonesian diplomatic missions in destination countries; (4) facilitation, rehabilitation, and reintegration of returned migrant workers (purna PMI); and (5) social and economic empowerment of returned migrant workers and their families.

The placement function deserves particular attention as it represents a significant operational responsibility. BP2MI manages the government-to-government (G-to-G) placement channel where the Indonesian government directly negotiates with destination countries or legal employers abroad to place migrant workers. This channel operates parallel to the private sector channel where licensed recruitment companies facilitate placement. The G-to-G mechanism aims to provide cost-free placement alternatives for migrant workers, reducing their financial burden and exploitation risks. Perpres 166/2024 empowers BP2MI to negotiate, sign, and implement these bilateral placement agreements, giving the agency a diplomatic dimension in addition to its domestic regulatory and service functions.

The permit function constitutes BP2MI's regulatory authority over private sector recruitment. BP2MI issues Surat Izin Perekrutan PMI (Migrant Worker Recruitment Permits) to companies meeting legal requirements, monitors their compliance with labor standards, and revokes permits for violations. This regulatory function positions BP2MI as both service provider to migrant workers and regulator of the recruitment industry, requiring careful balance to ensure effective protection without stifling legitimate business operations. Recent regulations including Peraturan Menteri Pelindungan Pekerja Migran Indonesia Number 2 of 2025 further detail the procedures for permit issuance and revocation under BP2MI's authority.

Matrix 3: BP2MI Functional Breakdown and Implementation Mechanisms

This functional matrix reveals the comprehensive scope of BP2MI's operational mandate, extending from pre-departure preparation through employment abroad to post-return reintegration. The diversity of functions requires BP2MI to maintain capabilities across regulatory enforcement, diplomatic negotiation, social services, and economic empowerment—a challenging mandate for any single agency.

Section 4: The Coordination Mechanism: Relationship with PMI Protection Ministry

The relationship between BP2MI and KP2MI represents the most complex aspect of Perpres 166/2024's institutional architecture. While the dual leadership structure creates organizational linkage, the functional boundaries between ministry and agency require careful delineation to prevent confusion and ensure effective protection for migrant workers.

Under Perpres 165/2024, KP2MI is established as the ministry responsible for the sub-sector of migrant worker protection within the broader labor affairs governmental function. The ministry's mandate includes policy formulation, strategic planning, budget allocation, inter-ministerial coordination, and legislative engagement on migrant worker issues. KP2MI develops national strategies, proposes legal reforms, negotiates international labor agreements at the ministerial level, and represents Indonesian migrant worker interests in multilateral forums such as the International Labour Organization (ILO) and ASEAN labor ministerial meetings.

In contrast, Perpres 166/2024 positions BP2MI as the implementing agency for policies developed by KP2MI. BP2MI translates ministerial policies into operational programs, delivers services directly to migrant workers, regulates recruitment companies, manages placement agreements, and coordinates field-level protection activities. This division theoretically follows the principle of separation between policy formulation (ministry) and policy execution (agency), a governance model intended to enhance specialization, accountability, and service quality.

The coordination mechanism between KP2MI and BP2MI operates through several channels. First, the shared leadership ensures direct communication and alignment at the highest organizational level. When the Minister/Head convenes senior management meetings, both ministerial policy staff and BP2MI implementation staff participate, facilitating integrated decision-making. Second, the ministry develops implementing regulations (Peraturan Menteri) that provide detailed operational guidance for BP2MI's activities, such as Peraturan Menteri Pelindungan Pekerja Migran Indonesia Number 1 of 2025 on organizational structure and work procedures. Third, KP2MI and BP2MI share resources including budget allocations, personnel, and information systems, creating practical interdependence that necessitates ongoing coordination.

However, academic research and policy analysis have identified significant challenges in this coordination framework. A 2024 study published in the Journal of Law at Universitas Islam Indonesia argues that Perpres 165/2024 and 166/2024 create functional duplication that violates principles of legal certainty and bureaucratic efficiency. The research notes that both KP2MI and BP2MI are mandated to implement migrant worker protection policies, with insufficient clarity about which institution handles specific activities. For instance, both institutions could claim authority over developing bilateral labor agreements, managing shelter facilities for returned workers, or coordinating with provincial governments on local protection programs.

The functional overlap raises concerns about accountability and public access to services. When migrant workers or their families need assistance, they may be uncertain whether to approach KP2MI or BP2MI offices. This confusion is compounded by the fact that BP2MI's regional units (BP3MI) often co-locate with provincial government offices, while KP2MI may establish separate provincial representations. The resulting institutional fragmentation can delay assistance, create bureaucratic runarounds, and undermine the stated goal of providing integrated, seamless protection for migrant workers.

Legal scholars further note that the dual institutional framework may contravene Article 3 of Perpres 165/2024 and Article 3-4 of Perpres 166/2024 by creating overlapping mandates that reduce governmental effectiveness. The principle of "one policy, one implementing institution" is a recognized norm in Indonesian administrative law, intended to ensure clear accountability and efficient resource use. The KP2MI-BP2MI structure appears to violate this principle by dividing migrant worker protection responsibilities across two separate legal entities, potentially leading to coordination failures, budget inefficiencies, and weakened service delivery.

Matrix 4: KP2MI vs BP2MI Functional Comparison

This comparative matrix highlights both the intended division of labor and the potential for functional overlap. The success of the dual institutional framework depends heavily on clear implementing regulations, effective communication systems, and the capacity of the shared leadership to manage both organizations coherently.

Section 5: The Operational Framework: Service Units and Regional Implementation

Perpres 166/2024 establishes BP2MI's operational capacity through a decentralized network of technical implementation units (Unit Pelaksana Teknis/UPT) positioned across Indonesia's archipelago. As of 2024, BP2MI operates through 23 Balai Pelayanan Pelindungan Pekerja Migran Indonesia (BP3MI) units at the provincial level and 25 Pos Pelayanan Pelindungan Pekerja Migran Indonesia (P4MI) service posts in strategic locations. This infrastructure enables BP2MI to provide localized services while maintaining national policy coherence.

BP3MI units function as BP2MI's provincial-level operational arms, carrying out integrated placement and protection services in accordance with national policies and regulatory frameworks. According to implementing regulations, BP3MI units have the task of "melaksanakan kebijakan pelayanan dalam rangka penempatan dan pelindungan pekerja migran Indonesia secara terpadu" (implementing service policies for integrated placement and protection of Indonesian migrant workers). Each BP3MI unit covers a specific provincial jurisdiction, providing pre-departure services, post-arrival assistance for returned workers, and ongoing support for workers' families.

The 23 BP3MI units are strategically distributed across provinces with high concentrations of migrant workers or significant sending communities. Major BP3MI installations include BP3MI DKI Jakarta, BP3MI Jawa Barat (West Java), BP3MI Jawa Timur (East Java), BP3MI Jawa Tengah (Central Java), BP3MI Nusa Tenggara Barat (West Nusa Tenggara), BP3MI Sumatera Barat (West Sumatra), BP3MI Lampung, BP3MI Banten, and BP3MI Bali. These units operate as the primary interface between BP2MI's central leadership and migrant workers in regional communities, translating national policies into locally-accessible services.

BP3MI service delivery encompasses multiple functions. First, they provide pre-departure services including employment documentation verification, job order validation, employment contract review, and pre-departure orientation programs that educate workers about their rights, destination country conditions, and problem resolution mechanisms. Second, BP3MI units manage Layanan Terpadu Satu Atap (LTSA) or One-Stop Integrated Services centers where prospective migrant workers can complete all administrative requirements at a single location, reducing bureaucratic complexity and transaction costs. Third, BP3MI offices facilitate government-to-government placement by connecting workers with official employment opportunities negotiated by BP2MI with destination countries.

Post-arrival services constitute another critical BP3MI function. When migrant workers return to Indonesia—whether upon contract completion, early termination, or emergency repatriation—BP3MI units provide reception services, temporary shelter if needed, documentation assistance, and linkage to reintegration programs. BP3MI staff coordinate with airport authorities, immigration officials, and social services to ensure returning workers receive appropriate support. For workers experiencing problems abroad, BP3MI units serve as domestic contact points, coordinating with BP2MI central office and Indonesian embassies to facilitate problem resolution and, when necessary, repatriation.

Complementing the provincial BP3MI network, P4MI service posts operate in 25 strategic locations to extend BP2MI's reach into communities with significant migrant populations but without full BP3MI installations. P4MI posts provide basic information services, complaint reception, and referral to BP3MI units for more complex services. These service posts are particularly important in remote or underserved areas where migrant workers and their families might otherwise have difficulty accessing government protection services.

A specialized component of BP2MI's operational infrastructure is the network of shelter facilities (shelter) at major international airports and strategic entry points. These shelters provide temporary accommodation, meals, and assistance for migrant workers arriving in Indonesia, particularly those returning from difficult situations or requiring emergency support. The most prominent facility is the Shelter Pos Pelayanan Kepulangan PMI (Migrant Worker Return Service Post) at Soekarno-Hatta International Airport, which operates 24/7 to receive returning workers, coordinate with relevant agencies, and facilitate onward travel to home regions. BP2MI staff at these shelters provide immediate assistance, help workers contact families, arrange transportation to home provinces, and initiate any necessary follow-up services.

Operational coordination between BP2MI's central office and regional UPT units occurs through regular reporting systems, periodic coordination meetings, performance monitoring, and integrated information systems. The central office issues operational guidelines, establishes service standards, allocates resources, and monitors unit performance against national targets. Regional units report service statistics, identify local challenges, and provide feedback on policy implementation effectiveness. This coordination framework aims to balance national consistency with regional responsiveness, though implementation quality varies across units depending on resource availability, staff capacity, and local government cooperation.

Matrix 5: BP2MI Regional Implementation Network

This operational matrix demonstrates BP2MI's comprehensive service infrastructure designed to support migrant workers throughout the migration cycle—from initial departure through employment abroad to return and reintegration. The effectiveness of this network depends on adequate funding, sufficient staffing, technological integration, and seamless coordination among the diverse organizational components.

Recent initiatives demonstrate BP2MI's efforts to enhance regional service quality. BP3MI Bali launched the BALI MANTAP application to improve service accessibility through digital platforms. BP3MI Surabaya operates services through the LTSA P2TK (Integrated Service Center for Manpower and Transmigration) facility in East Java Province. BP3MI Banten regularly coordinates with provincial legislative bodies and oversight agencies to enhance service quality and accountability. These innovations reflect ongoing efforts to modernize BP2MI's operational framework and adapt to evolving migrant worker needs.

Matrix 6: Evolution of Regional Service Nomenclature

The nomenclature evolution reflects progressive sharpening of policy direction toward protection as the primary mandate, with placement repositioned as a supporting function within the broader protection framework.

Conclusion

Peraturan Presiden Nomor 166 Tahun 2024 tentang Badan Pelindungan Pekerja Migran Indonesia establishes a complex institutional framework that positions BP2MI as Indonesia's primary implementing agency for migrant worker protection while creating a hybrid governance model through simultaneous establishment of the Ministry of Migrant Worker Protection under Perpres 165/2024. The regulation defines BP2MI's legal status as a Non-Ministerial Government Institution (LPNK) directly accountable to the President, introduces an unprecedented dual leadership structure where the Minister and Vice Ministers of Migrant Worker Protection concurrently serve as BP2MI's Head and Deputy Heads, specifies dual functions encompassing both placement and protection implementation, establishes coordination mechanisms with the parent ministry, and operationalizes protection services through 23 provincial BP3MI units and 25 P4MI service posts.

This institutional architecture reflects President Prabowo Subianto's commitment to elevating migrant worker protection from administrative function to national policy priority within the Red and White Cabinet. The hybrid ministry-LPNK model aims to combine strategic policy capacity with operational implementation effectiveness, theoretically enabling Indonesia to provide comprehensive protection for approximately 9 million citizens working abroad. The dual leadership structure seeks to ensure policy coherence between ministerial direction and agency implementation, while the decentralized service network of BP3MI and P4MI units extends national protection commitments into provincial and local communities where migrant workers and their families reside.

However, Perpres 166/2024 also generates significant governance challenges that require careful management. Academic research identifies concerns about functional duplication between KP2MI and BP2MI that may violate principles of legal certainty, bureaucratic efficiency, and public accountability. The dual institutional framework creates potential confusion about which agency is responsible for specific services, potentially leading to bureaucratic inefficiencies, coordination failures, and weakened protection outcomes. The success of this model depends on clear implementing regulations that delineate functional boundaries, robust information systems that enable coordination, adequate resources for both ministry and agency operations, and exceptional leadership capacity to manage dual organizational responsibilities effectively.

The operational challenges extend beyond central coordination to regional implementation. The effectiveness of BP3MI units varies significantly across provinces depending on resource allocation, staff capacity, local government cooperation, and recruitment industry characteristics. Some provinces with strong BP3MI leadership and adequate funding have developed innovative service models such as digital platforms, integrated one-stop centers, and proactive crisis response systems. Other provinces struggle with limited budgets, understaffing, inadequate facilities, and weak coordination with local authorities. Addressing these disparities requires sustained commitment to capacity building, equitable resource distribution, and performance-based management systems that incentivize service excellence.

Looking forward, the institutional framework established by Perpres 166/2024 represents an ambitious governance experiment that tests whether hybrid ministry-LPNK models can overcome traditional bureaucratic fragmentation in Indonesia's administrative system. The regulation provides the legal foundation for integrated migrant worker protection, but translating this foundation into effective services requires ongoing refinement of coordination mechanisms, clarification of functional boundaries, investment in operational capacity, and commitment to placing migrant workers' needs at the center of institutional design. Future regulatory developments, particularly ministerial implementing regulations and BP2MI operational guidelines, will determine whether this framework achieves its protection objectives or requires further reform to ensure Indonesia's migrant workers receive the comprehensive protection they deserve.

The international dimension of migrant worker protection adds further complexity. BP2MI must coordinate not only with domestic agencies but also with Indonesian embassies in 162 destination countries, destination country labor authorities, international organizations such as the International Labour Organization and International Organization for Migration, and civil society organizations operating in migration corridors. Managing these multilayered coordination requirements within the dual ministry-LPNK framework represents a formidable administrative challenge that will test the resilience and adaptability of the institutional architecture established by Perpres 166/2024.

Ultimately, the regulation's success will be measured not by institutional elegance but by tangible improvements in migrant worker outcomes: reduced exploitation during recruitment, safer working conditions abroad, effective problem resolution when crises occur, dignified return processes, and successful reintegration into Indonesian communities. These outcomes depend on translating the legal framework of Perpres 166/2024 into operational reality through adequate funding, competent staffing, effective coordination, technological modernization, and unwavering commitment to protecting the rights and welfare of Indonesian citizens working beyond the nation's borders.

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