How Does UU 59/2024 Structure Indonesia's 20-Year National Development Vision (2025-2045)?
1.0 The Twenty-Year Strategic Framework: RPJPN as Constitutional Mandate
UU 59/2024 establishes Indonesia's long-term national development plan (Rencana Pembangunan Jangka Panjang Nasional/RPJPN) for the 2025-2045 period, fulfilling the constitutional mandate for systematic development planning. Article 1(1) defines RPJPN as "dokumen perencanaan pembangunan nasional untuk periode 20 (dua puluh) tahun, terhitung sejak tahun 2025 sampai dengan tahun 2045" (national development planning document for a 20-year period, calculated from 2025 until 2045). This framework replaces the 2005-2025 RPJPN established under UU 17/2007, which concludes in December 2024. The law's preamble articulates that RPJPN 2025-2045 serves to realize the Indonesia Emas 2045 vision, defined as "Negara Kesatuan Republik Indonesia yang bersatu, berdaulat, maju, dan berkelanjutan" (a Unitary State of the Republic of Indonesia that is united, sovereign, advanced, and sustainable). Article 2 specifies that RPJPN functions as the reference for preparing visions, missions, and programs for presidential and vice-presidential candidates in general elections, as well as gubernatorial, regent, and mayoral candidates in regional head elections. This binding relationship ensures vertical policy coherence from national to local levels across electoral cycles. The RPJPN framework mandates that the government and regional governments prepare five-year Medium-Term Development Plans (RPJMN) based on RPJPN's 20-year trajectory, creating nested planning architecture that balances long-term vision with implementation flexibility (see Matrix 1.1 below).
Matrix 1.1: RPJPN 2025-2045 Core Framework Elements Under UU 59/2024
| No. | Element | Indonesian Term | Time Period | Planning Authority | Article Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1.1 | Long-Term National Development Plan | RPJPN | 2025-2045 (20 years) | National Government | Article 1(1) |
| 1.2 | Medium-Term National Development Plan | RPJMN | 5 years (4 stages) | President & DPR | Article 2 |
| 1.3 | Indonesia Emas 2045 Vision | Indonesia Emas 2045 | Target year: 2045 | National Development | Preamble |
| 1.4 | Electoral Integration | Visi-Misi Kandidat | Per election cycle | Presidential/Regional Candidates | Article 2 |
2.0 The Four-Stage Development Architecture: 2025-2029, 2030-2034, 2035-2039, 2040-2045
The law structures the 20-year period into four five-year development stages (tahap), each with distinct priorities and measurable targets. Article 5 establishes: "RPJPN Tahun 2025-2045 dilaksanakan dalam 4 (empat) tahap RPJMN" (RPJPN 2025-2045 is implemented in 4 stages of RPJMN). Stage I (2025-2029) focuses on foundational infrastructure, human capital development, and economic transformation. Stage II (2030-2034) emphasizes technological adoption, green economy transition, and regional development balance. Stage III (2035-2039) targets advanced industrialization, knowledge economy establishment, and global competitiveness. Stage IV (2040-2045) aims for sustainable prosperity, innovation leadership, and fulfillment of Indonesia Emas 2045 benchmarks. Each RPJMN is prepared through Presidential Regulation after coordination between the National Development Planning Agency (Bappenas), line ministries, regional governments, and stakeholder consultations. Article 6 mandates that RPJMN must align with RPJPN's vision, mission, and strategic direction while responding to evolving national and global conditions. This staged approach allows for policy recalibration every five years based on achievement assessments, technological changes, and geopolitical shifts, ensuring adaptive development while maintaining long-term trajectory coherence (see Matrix 2.1 below).
Matrix 2.1: Four-Stage RPJMN Implementation Architecture Under UU 59/2024
| No. | Stage | Time Period | Primary Focus Areas | Implementing Instrument | Article Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2.1 | Stage I | 2025-2029 | Foundation: infrastructure, human capital | RPJMN 2025-2029 (Perpres 12/2025) | Article 5 |
| 2.2 | Stage II | 2030-2034 | Transformation: technology, green economy | RPJMN 2030-2034 (future Perpres) | Article 5 |
| 2.3 | Stage III | 2035-2039 | Advancement: industrialization, knowledge economy | RPJMN 2035-2039 (future Perpres) | Article 5 |
| 2.4 | Stage IV | 2040-2045 | Achievement: sustainable prosperity, Indonesia Emas 2045 | RPJMN 2040-2045 (future Perpres) | Article 5 |
3.0 The Vision and Mission Framework: Constitutional Foundations
Article 3 articulates the RPJPN vision derived from the Preamble to the 1945 Constitution: "Indonesia yang merdeka, bersatu, berdaulat, adil, dan makmur" (Indonesia that is independent, united, sovereign, just, and prosperous). This vision operationalizes the constitutional state mission (misi bernegara) specified in Article 4, which consists of four pillars directly quoted from the constitutional preamble: (a) protecting the entire Indonesian nation and all Indonesian homeland, (b) promoting general welfare, (c) developing intellectual life of the nation, and (d) participating in implementing world order based on independence, eternal peace, and social justice. These constitutional anchors ensure that development planning remains tethered to founding principles rather than shifting political priorities. Article 7 establishes seven strategic development directions (arah pembangunan nasional) that translate vision and mission into actionable domains: strengthening ideology and national character, political democracy and governance, equitable economic development, social welfare, cultural and technological advancement, environmental sustainability and disaster resilience, and defense and security. Each direction includes specific measurable outcomes aligned with Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) and national priorities. The law mandates that all sectoral development policies, from infrastructure to education to environmental protection, must demonstrably contribute to at least one strategic direction, creating integrated cross-sectoral policy coherence (see Matrix 3.1 below).
Matrix 3.1: RPJPN Vision, Mission, and Strategic Directions Under UU 59/2024
| No. | Component | Indonesian Term | Constitutional Basis | Implementation Scope | Article Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 3.1 | National Vision | Visi Nasional | UUD 1945 Preamble | 2025-2045 period | Article 3 |
| 3.2 | State Mission (Four Pillars) | Misi Bernegara | UUD 1945 Preamble | All government functions | Article 4 |
| 3.3 | Strategic Directions | Arah Pembangunan Nasional | National priorities | 7 development domains | Article 7 |
| 3.4 | SDG Alignment | Tujuan Pembangunan Berkelanjutan | UN SDGs | Cross-sectoral integration | Article 7 |
4.0 The Spatial Development Framework: Regional Balance and Connectivity
Chapter IV addresses spatial development strategy (strategi pengembangan wilayah) to achieve equitable development across Indonesia's archipelagic geography. Article 8 mandates development of regional economic corridors, strategic growth centers, and connectivity infrastructure that reduces inter-regional disparities. The framework identifies five economic corridors: Sumatra, Java, Kalimantan, Sulawesi, and Papua-Maluku, each with distinct comparative advantages and targeted industries. Article 9 emphasizes development of border regions, outermost islands, and disadvantaged areas to strengthen sovereignty and reduce economic inequality. The law requires strategic connectivity infrastructure including Trans-Sumatra, Trans-Kalimantan, and Trans-Papua highways, inter-island sea toll roads (tol laut), and digital connectivity infrastructure reaching remote areas. Article 10 establishes the Metropolitan Priority Areas (Kawasan Perkotaan Nasional) framework, identifying Jakarta, Surabaya, Medan, Makassar, and designated growth centers as economic engines requiring integrated urban planning. Regional development must balance urban economic concentration with rural agricultural and natural resource development, preventing excessive urban migration while maintaining food security and environmental conservation. The spatial framework integrates climate adaptation considerations, mandating that infrastructure development accounts for sea level rise, flood risks, and disaster vulnerability to ensure long-term resilience of development investments (see Matrix 4.1 below).
Matrix 4.1: Spatial Development Strategy Under UU 59/2024
| No. | Component | Indonesian Term | Geographic Scope | Strategic Purpose | Article Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 4.1 | Economic Corridors | Koridor Ekonomi | 5 major islands | Regional specialization | Article 8 |
| 4.2 | Border & Outermost Development | Kawasan Perbatasan & Pulau Terluar | Border regions | Sovereignty & equity | Article 9 |
| 4.3 | Connectivity Infrastructure | Infrastruktur Konektivitas | National | Inter-regional integration | Article 9 |
| 4.4 | Metropolitan Priority Areas | Kawasan Perkotaan Nasional | Major cities | Economic engines | Article 10 |
5.0 The Implementation and Monitoring Framework: Accountability and Adaptation
Chapter V establishes implementation mechanisms and accountability structures. Article 15 designates the National Development Planning Agency (Bappenas) as the coordinating body for RPJPN implementation, responsible for inter-ministerial coordination, monitoring progress indicators, and preparing periodic evaluation reports. Article 16 mandates establishment of the National Development Monitoring and Evaluation System (Sistem Pemantauan dan Evaluasi Pembangunan Nasional) with measurable indicators for each development target. Regional governments must prepare Regional Long-Term Development Plans (RPJPD) consistent with RPJPN, ensuring vertical integration while allowing regional adaptation to local contexts. Article 17 requires the government and the House of Representatives (DPR) to conduct a mandatory review of RPJPN implementation at the midpoint (2035) to assess progress and adjust strategies if necessary. Annual implementation progress reports must be submitted to DPR and made publicly accessible, creating transparency and public accountability. Article 18 establishes that RPJMN revisions during each five-year stage require Presidential Regulation with DPR consultation, while fundamental RPJPN modifications require legislative amendment through new legislation. This multi-layered accountability structure balances implementation flexibility with planning stability, preventing ad hoc policy shifts while allowing evidence-based adaptation to changing circumstances and technological developments (see Matrix 5.1 below).
Matrix 5.1: Implementation and Monitoring Framework Under UU 59/2024
| No. | Mechanism | Indonesian Term | Responsible Body | Frequency | Article Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 5.1 | Coordination | Koordinasi Pelaksanaan | Bappenas | Ongoing | Article 15 |
| 5.2 | Monitoring & Evaluation System | Sistem Pemantauan dan Evaluasi | Bappenas + Ministries | Annual | Article 16 |
| 5.3 | Midterm Review | Tinjauan Tengah Periode | Government + DPR | 2035 | Article 17 |
| 5.4 | Public Reporting | Laporan Pelaksanaan | Government to DPR | Annual | Article 18 |
| 5.5 | Regional Integration | RPJPD | Provincial/Local Governments | 20-year alignment | Article 16 |
Regulation Reference
Full Citation:
Undang-Undang Nomor 59 Tahun 2024 tentang Rencana Pembangunan Jangka Panjang Nasional Tahun 2025-2045
English Translation:
Law Number 59 of 2024 on National Long-Term Development Plan 2025-2045
Short Citation:
UU 59/2024
Legal Basis: UUD 1945 (Pasal 5 ayat (1), Pasal 18, Pasal 20); UU 25/2004 tentang Sistem Perencanaan Pembangunan Nasional
Official Source: https://peraturan.bpk.go.id/Details/299728
Legal Analysis by the CRPG Institutional Law Team | Analysis Date: November 27, 2025 | Regulation Status: Active (Berlaku)
LEGAL DISCLAIMER: This article is provided for informational and educational purposes only and does not constitute legal advice, legal opinion, or professional consultation. The analysis presented herein is based on the authors' interpretation of UU 59/2024 and related regulations as of the publication date and may contain errors, omissions, or inaccuracies despite reasonable efforts to ensure accuracy. Laws and regulations are subject to amendment, judicial interpretation, and administrative clarification that may affect the applicability or interpretation of the provisions discussed. This article does not create an attorney-client relationship between the authors, the Center for Regulation, Policy and Government (CRPG), and any reader. Readers should not act or refrain from acting based solely on the information contained in this article without seeking appropriate legal counsel from qualified Indonesian legal practitioners licensed to practice administrative and development planning law. The application of national development planning provisions depends on specific implementation contexts including sectoral priorities, regional circumstances, budgetary allocations, and inter-governmental coordination, all of which require case-specific legal and policy analysis. Neither the authors nor CRPG assume any liability for actions taken or not taken based on information in this article, nor for any direct, indirect, incidental, consequential, or punitive damages arising from use of or reliance on this material. For specific legal guidance on national development planning and RPJPN implementation, consult with qualified legal counsel familiar with Indonesian administrative law and development planning frameworks.
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