Mobile Source Emissions in Indonesia: Automotive Products, Vehicle Testing, and Tax Integration Under PP 22/2021
Executive Summary
Government Regulation No. 22 of 2021 (PP 22/2021) establishes the regulatory framework for mobile emission sources through BAB IV on Air Quality Protection and Management. Mobile sources represent a significant contributor to urban air pollution, requiring distinct regulatory approaches from stationary industrial emissions.
The regulation recognizes three primary mobile emission source categories. Automotive industry products include new engine models and engines currently in production. Land transport encompasses both road-based and non-road vehicles. Heavy equipment covers construction, mining, and industrial mobile machinery.
Compliance verification operates through accredited testing infrastructure. Automotive products require laboratory testing by facilities accredited by the National Accreditation Committee (KAN) or international mutual recognition signatories under APAC or ILAC. Non-road transport and heavy equipment require testing by certified personnel under standardization regulations.
Road-based transport faces a three-year threshold before emission testing obligations apply. This threshold balances new vehicle warranty assumptions against the need for ongoing emission monitoring as vehicles age. Importantly, emission compliance results integrate with motor vehicle tax rates, creating economic incentives for vehicle maintenance and emission control.
Background & Context
Mobile emission sources present regulatory challenges distinct from stationary sources. Vehicles move across jurisdictions, making facility-based permitting impractical. Emission characteristics vary with vehicle age, maintenance status, and operating conditions. The diverse vehicle fleet includes motorcycles, passenger cars, commercial trucks, and specialized equipment with different emission profiles.
Indonesia's approach addresses mobile emissions through multiple intervention points. New vehicle certification ensures manufacturers meet type-approval emission standards before market entry. In-use vehicle testing monitors fleet emission performance over time. Tax integration creates ongoing compliance incentives without requiring direct enforcement actions.
The three-year testing threshold reflects practical considerations. New vehicles typically meet emission standards during initial operation periods covered by manufacturer warranties. Testing resources target older vehicles where emission degradation becomes more likely. This approach concentrates enforcement resources where intervention produces the greatest air quality benefits.
The distinction between road-based and non-road transport acknowledges different operational contexts. Road vehicles operate in populated areas where emission impacts directly affect public health. Non-road equipment may operate in industrial or remote settings with different exposure patterns. Both categories require compliance but through different verification mechanisms.
Key Provisions
Emission Standards Framework
The Minister establishes emission standards for all source categories.
Pasal 190:
"(1) Menteri menyusun dan menetapkan Baku Mutu Emisi sebagaimana dimaksud dalam Pasal 189 huruf a. (2) Baku Mutu Emisi sebagaimana dimaksud pada ayat (1) disusun dengan mempertimbangkan teknologi terbaik yang tersedia. (3) Baku Mutu Emisi sebagaimana dimaksud pada ayat (2) diterapkan pada: a. sumber Emisi tidak bergerak; dan b. sumber Emisi bergerak."
The Minister develops and establishes emission quality standards considering best available technology. Standards apply equally to stationary and mobile emission sources. This technology-based approach ensures standards remain achievable while driving continuous improvement as technology advances.
Mobile Emission Source Categories
Three categories capture the full range of mobile emission sources.
Pasal 204:
"(1) Sumber Emisi bergerak sebagaimana dimaksud dalam Pasal 190 ayat (3) huruf b meliputi: a. produk dari Usaha dan/atau Kegiatan sektor industri otomotif; b. penggunaan alat transportasi darat; dan c. penggunaan alat berat."
Mobile emission sources include products from automotive industry activities, land transport usage, and heavy equipment usage. This comprehensive scope ensures all significant mobile emission sources face regulatory requirements regardless of their specific application.
Automotive Product Categorization
Automotive products receive distinct treatment based on production status.
Pasal 204 Ayat 2:
"(2) Sumber Emisi bergerak produk dari Usaha dan/atau Kegiatan sektor industri otomotif sebagaimana dimaksud pada ayat (1) huruf a dikategorikan berdasarkan: a. tipe baru, meliputi model baru dan yang sedang diproduksi; dan b. produk yang telah beroperasi."
New type products include new models and engines currently in production. Products already in operation constitute a separate category. This distinction enables different regulatory approaches for type-approval certification versus in-use vehicle monitoring.
Land Transport Classification
Land transport subdivides by operational environment.
Pasal 204 Ayat 3:
"(3) Sumber Emisi bergerak sebagaimana dimaksud pada ayat (1) huruf b meliputi sumber Emisi berbasis: a. jalan; dan/atau b. nonjalan."
Road-based sources operate on public roads and face the most direct regulatory attention given their proximity to population centers. Non-road sources include agricultural equipment, construction machinery, and other vehicles operating outside public road networks.
Compliance Requirements for Automotive Products
Automotive products and non-road equipment face mandatory emission compliance.
Pasal 205:
"(1) Penanggung jawab Usaha dan/atau Kegiatan yang menghasilkan Emisi: a. produk dari Usaha dan/atau Kegiatan sektor industri otomotif; b. penggunaan alat transportasi darat berbasis nonjalan; dan/atau c. penggunaan alat berat, wajib memenuhi ketentuan Baku Mutu Emisi."
Business operators generating emissions from automotive products, non-road land transport, or heavy equipment must comply with emission quality standards. This obligation applies to manufacturers, importers, and operators across the supply chain.
Accredited Testing Requirements
Verification requirements vary by emission source category.
Pasal 205 Ayat 3:
"(3) Pemenuhan Baku Mutu Emisi sebagaimana dimaksud pada ayat (1) dilakukan dengan ketentuan: a. untuk produk hasil Usaha dan/atau Kegiatan sektor industri otomotif, dilakukan oleh laboratorium yang terakreditasi oleh Komite Akreditasi Nasional atau badan akreditasi penandatanganan perjanjian saling pengakuan dalam forum Asia Pacific Accreditation Cooperation (APAC) atau International Laboratory Accreditation Cooperation (ILAC); dan b. untuk alat transportasi darat berbasis nonjalan dan alat berat, dilakukan oleh personel yang memiliki sertifikat yang diterbitkan lembaga sertifikasi sesuai dengan ketentuan peraturan perundang-undangan di bidang standardisasi dan penilaian kesesuaian."
Automotive products require testing by laboratories accredited by KAN or international bodies under APAC or ILAC mutual recognition agreements. This laboratory requirement reflects the sophistication needed for new vehicle type-approval testing.
Non-road transport and heavy equipment require testing by certified personnel under standardization regulations. This personnel-based approach enables field testing for equipment that cannot practically be brought to laboratory facilities.
Road Vehicle Emission Compliance
Road-based transport faces specific requirements with a three-year threshold.
Pasal 206:
"(1) Setiap Orang yang menghasilkan Emisi dari alat transportasi darat berbasis jalan sebagaimana dimaksud dalam Pasal 204 ayat (1) huruf b dan ayat (3) huruf a harus memenuhi ketentuan Baku Mutu Emisi. (2) Pemenuhan ketentuan Baku Mutu Emisi sebagaimana dimaksud pada ayat (1) dilaksanakan dengan ketentuan: a. diterapkan pada alat transportasi darat berbasis jalan yang telah memasuki masa pakai lebih dari 3 (tiga) tahun; dan b. pengukuran dilakukan oleh personel yang memiliki sertifikat yang diterbitkan lembaga sertifikasi sesuai dengan ketentuan peraturan perundang-undangan di bidang standardisasi dan penilaian kesesuaian."
Every person generating emissions from road-based land transport must comply with emission standards. However, testing requirements apply only to vehicles that have operated for more than three years. Testing must be conducted by certified personnel according to standardization regulations.
Motor Vehicle Tax Integration
Emission compliance links directly to motor vehicle taxation.
Pasal 206 Ayat 3-4:
"(3) Pemenuhan ketentuan Baku Mutu Emisi sebagaimana dimaksud pada ayat (2) huruf a digunakan sebagai dasar pengenaan tarif pajak kendaraan bermotor. (4) Ketentuan lebih lanjut mengenai pengenaan tarif pajak kendaraan bermotor sebagaimana dimaksud pada ayat (3) diatur oleh menteri yang menyelenggarakan urusan pemerintahan dalam negeri, setelah berkoordinasi dengan Menteri."
Emission compliance results serve as the basis for motor vehicle tax rate determination. This integration creates direct economic consequences for emission performance without requiring separate enforcement mechanisms. Implementation details are regulated by the Minister of Home Affairs after coordination with the Environment Minister.
Implementation & Compliance
For Automotive Manufacturers and Importers
New vehicle and engine certification requires engagement with accredited testing laboratories. Manufacturers should maintain relationships with KAN-accredited facilities or laboratories holding APAC/ILAC mutual recognition. Type-approval documentation must demonstrate compliance with applicable emission standards before market introduction.
Production quality control should ensure vehicles leaving manufacturing facilities match type-approval emission performance. Variations from certified emission levels may trigger compliance issues during in-use testing programs.
For Vehicle Owners
The three-year threshold means new vehicle owners face no immediate emission testing requirements. However, planning for eventual testing should inform maintenance decisions. Regular maintenance including air filter replacement, fuel system cleaning, and engine tuning helps maintain emission compliance as vehicles age.
Vehicle owners approaching the three-year threshold should understand that emission test results will affect motor vehicle tax rates. Investing in maintenance before testing may reduce long-term tax obligations while maintaining air quality benefits.
For Heavy Equipment Operators
Construction, mining, and industrial operations using heavy equipment face emission compliance requirements without the three-year threshold protection available to road vehicles. Equipment procurement should consider emission performance alongside operational capabilities.
Maintenance programs for heavy equipment should include emission-related components. Certified testing personnel availability should be confirmed before equipment enters service to ensure compliance verification capability.
For Testing Service Providers
Laboratories seeking to provide automotive emission testing must obtain KAN accreditation or demonstrate membership in APAC/ILAC mutual recognition arrangements. Personnel certification requirements create opportunities for specialized testing services targeting non-road transport and heavy equipment markets.
Conclusion
PP 22/2021's mobile emission framework creates a comprehensive approach to vehicle emissions that balances regulatory effectiveness with practical implementation. The three-year testing threshold focuses resources on vehicles where emission degradation becomes most likely. Tax integration creates ongoing compliance incentives without requiring extensive enforcement infrastructure.
The distinction between automotive products, road transport, non-road transport, and heavy equipment enables targeted approaches matching verification requirements to operational realities. Accredited laboratory testing for new vehicles ensures robust type-approval processes while certified personnel testing enables practical field verification for in-use equipment.
This framework positions Indonesia's vehicle emission program to address growing urban air quality concerns while maintaining economic development objectives. The tax integration mechanism particularly demonstrates sophisticated policy design linking environmental compliance to fiscal systems.
Official Source
This article analyzes Government Regulation No. 22 of 2021 on Environmental Protection and Management Implementation (PP 22/2021), specifically BAB IV (Pasal 190, 204-206) on Mobile Source Emissions.
The official regulation text can be accessed at:
Primary Source:
PP No. 22 Tahun 2021 - BPK Regulation Portal
Alternative Sources:
- JDIH Kementerian Lingkungan Hidup dan Kehutanan
Official Gazette: Lembaran Negara Republik Indonesia Tahun 2021 Nomor 32
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