Stationary Source Emission Standards in Indonesia: The Technical Approval Framework for Industrial Air Pollution Control Under PP 22/2021
1.0 Regulatory Foundation for Industrial Emission Controls
Government Regulation PP 22/2021 establishes Indonesia's comprehensive framework for controlling air emissions from industrial facilities. Chapter IV (BAB IV) addresses Air Quality Protection and Management (Perlindungan dan Pengelolaan Mutu Udara), with Paragraphs 3 through 6 (Pasal 189-206) specifically governing emission standards (Baku Mutu Emisi) and their implementation for stationary sources.
The regulation creates a two-tier system distinguishing between low emission impact and high emission impact activities. This classification determines whether facilities operate under ministerially-established standards or must obtain individualized Technical Approval (Persetujuan Teknis) specifying their emission limits, control equipment requirements, and monitoring obligations.
This framework integrates with the broader Environmental Approval system, where emission control requirements become conditions attached to operating permits. Facilities subject to AMDAL or UKL-UPL assessment must address emission impacts during the environmental assessment process, while even SPPL activities generating emissions must manage them according to regulatory standards.
1.1 Emission Standards Framework
| Element | Indonesian Term | Regulatory Basis | Key Provision |
|---|---|---|---|
| Standard establishment | Penyusunan Baku Mutu Emisi | Pasal 190 ayat (1) | Minister authority |
| Technology basis | Teknologi terbaik yang tersedia | Pasal 190 ayat (2) | Best available technology |
| Source categories | Sumber Emisi | Pasal 190 ayat (3) | Stationary and mobile |
| Implementation | Penerapan | Pasal 191 | Impact-based classification |
Pasal 190 ayat (1-3) establishes:
Menteri menyusun dan menetapkan Baku Mutu Emisi... disusun dengan mempertimbangkan teknologi terbaik yang tersedia... diterapkan pada: a. sumber Emisi tidak bergerak; dan b. sumber Emisi bergerak.
The Minister formulates and establishes emission standards considering best available technology, applying to both stationary and mobile emission sources.
1.2 Source Type Classification
| Source Category | Indonesian Term | Examples | Regulatory Treatment |
|---|---|---|---|
| Stationary sources | Sumber Emisi tidak bergerak | Factories, power plants, processing facilities | Pasal 191-203 |
| Mobile sources | Sumber Emisi bergerak | Vehicles, heavy equipment | Pasal 204-206 |
| Automotive products | Produk industri otomotif | New and in-production models | Type approval system |
| Road transport | Transportasi darat berbasis jalan | On-road vehicles | Emission testing regime |
| Non-road equipment | Transportasi berbasis nonjalan | Off-road vehicles, machinery | Equipment certification |
2.0 Impact Classification System for Stationary Sources
The regulation establishes a binary classification for stationary sources based on emission impact magnitude, with each category subject to different compliance pathways.
2.1 Low vs High Impact Categories
| Impact Category | Indonesian Term | Compliance Pathway | Technical Approval Required |
|---|---|---|---|
| Low emission impact | Dampak Emisi rendah | Ministerial standards | No (unless standards not yet established) |
| High emission impact | Dampak Emisi tinggi | Technical Approval | Yes (mandatory) |
| Industrial estate activities | RKL-RPL rinci | Estate manager review | Required for high impact |
| Unregulated activities | Baku Mutu belum ditetapkan | Technical Approval | Yes (mandatory) |
Pasal 191 ayat (1-3) specifies:
Baku Mutu Emisi sumber Emisi tidak bergerak sebagaimana dimaksud dalam Pasal 190 ayat (3) huruf a ditetapkan untuk Usaha dan/atau Kegiatan dengan: a. dampak Emisi rendah; dan b. dampak Emisi tinggi.
Stationary source emission standards are established for activities with low emission impact and high emission impact. Low impact activities apply ministerially-established standards directly; high impact activities must obtain individualized Technical Approval.
2.2 Technical Approval Triggers
| Trigger Condition | Requirement | Authority | Timeline |
|---|---|---|---|
| High emission impact designation | Mandatory Technical Approval | Minister/Governor/Regent-Mayor | 30 business days |
| Standards not yet established | Mandatory Technical Approval | Environmental Approval authority | 30 business days |
| Industrial estate high-impact | Estate manager verification | Estate RKL-RPL process | Per estate timeline |
| SPPL activities generating emissions | Emission management | Operator self-compliance | Continuous |
Pasal 191 ayat (5) provides:
Dalam hal Baku Mutu Emisi sebagaimana dimaksud pada ayat (2) belum ditetapkan oleh Menteri, penanggung jawab Usaha dan/atau Kegiatan wajib mengajukan permohonan Persetujuan Teknis.
Where emission standards have not been established by the Minister, operators must apply for Technical Approval regardless of impact category.
3.0 Technical Approval Application Requirements
High emission impact facilities and those without established ministerial standards must apply for Technical Approval. The application requires comprehensive technical documentation addressing fifteen distinct elements.
3.1 Fifteen Required Application Elements
| No. | Element | Indonesian Term | Description |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Emission source identification | Identifikasi sumber Emisi | All point and fugitive sources |
| 2 | Meteorological data | Informasi data meteorologi | Wind, temperature, atmospheric conditions |
| 3 | Baseline conditions | Informasi rona awal kawasan terdampak | Pre-operation ambient conditions |
| 4 | Emission load calculations | Perhitungan Beban Emisi yang dihasilkan | Total pollutant mass release |
| 5 | Dispersion modeling | Perhitungan simulasi dispersi | Maximum concentration determination |
| 6 | Mass balance calculations | Perhitungan neraca massa | Input-output pollutant tracking |
| 7 | Materials inventory | Bahan baku dan penunjang | Raw and auxiliary materials |
| 8 | Efficiency calculations | Perhitungan efisiensi | Control equipment performance |
| 9 | Discharge impact magnitude | Besaran dampak pembuangan Emisi | Environmental effect assessment |
| 10 | Emission quality values | Nilai mutu Emisi | Proposed concentration limits |
| 11 | Production process | Proses produksi | Process flow and emission points |
| 12 | Control equipment | Alat pengendali Emisi yang digunakan | Pollution control systems |
| 13 | Energy consumption | Konsumsi energi yang digunakan | Fuel and power inputs |
| 14 | Emission management plan | Rencana pengelolaan Emisi | Operational control measures |
| 15 | Monitoring plan | Rencana pemantauan Emisi dan Udara Ambien | Stack and ambient monitoring |
Pasal 192 ayat (2) mandates:
Permohonan Persetujuan Teknis sebagaimana dimaksud pada ayat (1) dilengkapi dengan kajian yang memuat: a. identifikasi sumber Emisi; b. informasi data meteorologi; c. informasi rona awal kawasan terdampak...
The Technical Approval application must include studies containing all fifteen elements, providing authorities with comprehensive information to evaluate emission control adequacy.
3.2 Application Submission Process
| Step | Timeline | Action | Outcome |
|---|---|---|---|
| Submission | Day 0 | File through SILH | Application registered |
| Completeness review | 2 business days | Administrative check | Complete/Incomplete determination |
| Correction period | 10 business days (if incomplete) | Applicant revisions | Resubmission required |
| Substantive assessment | Up to 30 business days | Technical evaluation | Approval/Rejection |
| Expert involvement | As needed | Air pollution specialists | Technical recommendations |
4.0 Technical Approval Content and Obligations
Approved Technical Approvals contain three categories of requirements: technical standards, human resource competency standards, and environmental management system requirements.
4.1 Technical Standards Components
| Component | Indonesian Term | Specification |
|---|---|---|
| Parameter values | Parameter dan nilai Baku Mutu Emisi | Pollutant-specific limits |
| Control equipment design | Desain alat pengendali Emisi | Required technology specifications |
| Sampling locations | Lokasi titik pengambilan sampel | Stack and ambient sampling points |
| Monitored sources | Sumber Emisi wajib pantau | Named sources with coordinates |
| Sampling infrastructure | Sarana prasarana pengambilan sampel | Platform, port, access requirements |
| Ambient monitoring locations | Lokasi dan titik pemantauan Udara Ambien | Receptor area monitoring points |
4.2 Nine Mandatory Operator Obligations
| Obligation | Indonesian Requirement | Verification Method |
|---|---|---|
| Control equipment ownership | Memiliki alat pengendali Emisi | Equipment inspection |
| Standard compliance | Menaati Baku Mutu Emisi yang ditetapkan | Emission monitoring results |
| Sampling requirements | Memenuhi persyaratan teknis pengambilan sampel | Sampling records |
| Periodic monitoring | Memantau Mutu Udara ambien dan konsentrasi Emisi secara berkala | Monitoring reports |
| Reduction and reuse | Melaksanakan pengurangan dan pemanfaatan kembali | Waste minimization records |
| Competent personnel | Memiliki penanggung jawab yang memiliki kompetensi | Personnel certifications |
| Load calculations | Melakukan perhitungan Beban Emisi | Load calculation reports |
| Emergency response system | Memiliki Sistem Tanggap Darurat Pencemaran Udara | Emergency plan documentation |
| Reporting | Melaporkan melalui Sistem Informasi Lingkungan Hidup | SILH submission records |
4.3 Four Prohibited Activities
| Prohibition | Indonesian Term | Rationale |
|---|---|---|
| Direct discharge | Membuang Emisi secara langsung atau pelepasan dadakan | Uncontrolled release prevention |
| Non-stack emissions | Pembuangan Emisi non-fugitive tidak melalui cerobong | Monitoring point requirement |
| Stack dilution | Menambahkan udara ke cerobong setelah alat pengendali | False compliance prevention |
| Other prohibited actions | Tindakan lain yang dilarang | Permit and regulatory compliance |
Pasal 197 establishes these obligations and prohibitions as conditions within Technical Approval, providing enforceable standards against which compliance is measured.
5.0 Human Resource and Management System Requirements
Beyond technical emission controls, the regulation mandates specific personnel competencies and environmental management systems for emission-generating facilities.
5.1 Personnel Competency Standards
| Personnel Role | Indonesian Term | Required Competencies |
|---|---|---|
| Air pollution control officer | Penanggungjawab pengendalian Pencemaran Udara | Technical oversight |
| Equipment installation officer | Penanggung jawab instalasi alat pengendali Emisi | Control equipment management |
| Other specialized personnel | Personel yang memiliki kompetensi lainnya | As operationally required |
Pasal 198 ayat (2) specifies seven competency areas:
| Competency Area | Indonesian Requirement |
|---|---|
| Source identification | Melakukan identifikasi sumber pencemar Emisi |
| Pollutant characterization | Menentukan karakteristik pencemar Emisi |
| Pollution assessment | Menilai tingkat pencemaran Emisi |
| Equipment operation | Mengoperasikan dan melakukan perawatan alat pemantauan Emisi |
| Hazard identification | Melakukan identifikasi bahaya dalam pengendalian Emisi |
| Occupational safety | Melaksanakan tindakan keselamatan dan kesehatan kerja |
| Continuing education | Menguasai standar kompetensi lainnya sesuai dengan perkembangan |
Pasal 202 deadline:
Pemenuhan standar kompetensi sumber daya manusia sebagaimana dimaksud dalam Pasal 198 dilakukan paling lambat 1 (satu) tahun sejak SLO diterbitkan.
Personnel competency requirements must be fulfilled within one year after Operating License (SLO) issuance.
5.2 Environmental Management System Framework
| EMS Stage | Indonesian Term | Key Activities |
|---|---|---|
| Planning | Perencanaan | Scope definition, policy establishment, resource allocation |
| Implementation | Pelaksanaan | Monitoring, measurement, performance evaluation |
| Checking | Pemeriksaan | Compliance evaluation, internal audit, management review |
| Action | Tindakan | Non-conformance correction, continual improvement |
Pasal 199 establishes the Plan-Do-Check-Act framework, requiring organizations to maintain documented environmental management systems for air pollution control operations.
6.0 Verification, Operating License, and Monitoring
Before commencing operations, facilities must undergo verification and obtain an Operating License (Surat Layak Operasi/SLO). Ongoing compliance requires emission monitoring through manual or continuous methods.
6.1 Verification and SLO Process
| Step | Authority | Verification Elements | Outcome |
|---|---|---|---|
| Facility verification | Minister/Governor/Regent-Mayor | Control equipment installation, functionality | Pass/Fail determination |
| Compliance determination | Assigned officials | Technical standard conformity | Meets/Does not meet Technical Approval |
| SLO issuance | Competent authority | Verification success | Authorization to operate |
| Repair orders | Competent authority | Verification failure | Facility modifications required |
| Re-verification | Competent authority | Post-repair inspection | SLO issuance or further orders |
Pasal 201 ayat (4) provides:
Dalam hal hasil verifikasi... memenuhi Persetujuan Teknis, Menteri, gubernur, atau bupati/wali kota sesuai dengan kewenangannya menerbitkan SLO.
Operating License issuance depends on successful verification demonstrating facility conformity with Technical Approval requirements.
6.2 Emission Monitoring Requirements
| Monitoring Method | Indonesian Term | Requirements | Application |
|---|---|---|---|
| Manual monitoring | Pemantauan manual | Minister-registered laboratory | All stationary sources |
| CEMS | Pemantauan otomatis dan terus menerus | Calibrated instruments | Minister-designated activities |
| SILH integration | Integrasi ke Sistem Informasi | Data transmission | CEMS-required facilities |
Pasal 203 ayat (5-6) establishes:
Menteri menetapkan Usaha dan/atau Kegiatan yang wajib melakukan pemantauan secara otomatis dan terus-menerus. Setiap penanggung jawab... wajib mengintegrasikan pemantauan Emisinya ke dalam Sistem Informasi Lingkungan Hidup.
The Minister designates which activities require continuous emission monitoring systems, and those facilities must integrate monitoring data into the Environmental Information System.
7.0 Authority Jurisdiction Matrix
Emission control authority follows the Environmental Approval jurisdiction framework, with specific roles assigned at national, provincial, and regency/municipal levels.
7.1 Authority Distribution
| Function | Central (Minister) | Provincial (Governor) | Local (Regent/Mayor) |
|---|---|---|---|
| Standard establishment | Primary authority | Implement national standards | Implement national standards |
| Technical Approval review | National-jurisdiction activities | Provincial-jurisdiction activities | Local-jurisdiction activities |
| SLO issuance | National-jurisdiction facilities | Provincial-jurisdiction facilities | Local-jurisdiction facilities |
| CEMS designation | Sole authority | Implementation | Implementation |
| Laboratory registration | Sole authority | N/A | N/A |
| Supervision | National-jurisdiction | Provincial-jurisdiction | Local-jurisdiction |
Pasal 192 ayat (1) establishes:
Penanggung jawab Usaha dan/atau Kegiatan wajib mengajukan permohonan Persetujuan Teknis pemenuhan Baku Mutu Emisi... kepada Menteri, gubernur, atau bupati/wali kota sesuai dengan kewenangan Persetujuan Lingkungan.
Technical Approval applications are submitted to the authority that issued the Environmental Approval, maintaining jurisdictional consistency throughout the regulatory process.
Conclusion
Indonesia's stationary source emission control framework under PP 22/2021 creates a structured compliance pathway based on emission impact classification. Low-impact facilities apply ministerially-established standards, while high-impact facilities must obtain individualized Technical Approval through a rigorous 15-element application process completed within 30 business days.
The Technical Approval system integrates technical emission limits with human resource competency requirements and environmental management system obligations. Verification processes ensure facilities are constructed according to approved specifications before Operating License issuance. Ongoing compliance requires emission monitoring—manual for all facilities, continuous (CEMS) for designated high-impact operations—with data integration into the national Environmental Information System.
For facilities experiencing compliance difficulties, the regulation provides structured correction mechanisms through repair orders and modified Technical Approvals. Non-compliance exposes operators to administrative sanctions including written warnings, government coercion, administrative fines, and ultimately permit suspension or revocation. The framework connects with ambient air quality standards and the WPPMU classification system, ensuring stationary source controls contribute to broader air quality management objectives.
Official Sources
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