UU 32/2009 Mandates Government GHG Inventory and Climate Change Control at All Levels

Executive Summary

UU 32/2009 on Environmental Protection and Management establishes comprehensive climate change obligations across Indonesia's three-tier government structure. Articles 63(1)f, 63(1)j, 63(2)e, and 63(3)e create explicit mandates for greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions inventory and climate change impact control, forming the legal foundation for Indonesia's climate governance framework.

Regulatory Context

Regulation: UU 32/2009
Full Title: Undang-Undang Nomor 32 Tahun 2009 tentang Perlindungan dan Pengelolaan Lingkungan Hidup
Type: Law (Undang-Undang)
Year: 2009
Enacted: October 3, 2009
Topic: Environmental Protection & Climate Change
Series: Carbon & Climate
Status: Active (Indonesia's primary environmental law)

Key Climate Change Provisions

1. National GHG Inventory Mandate (Pasal 63 Ayat 1f)

Verbatim Text:

"menyelenggarakan inventarisasi sumber daya alam nasional dan emisi gas rumah kaca"

(conducting national natural resources inventory and greenhouse gas emissions)

Authority: Central Government (National Level)

Legal Obligation: The national government must systematically inventory greenhouse gas emissions across all sectors.

Climate Significance:
- Legal basis for Indonesia's National GHG Inventory submitted to UNFCCC
- Enables tracking of emissions trends across sectors (energy, AFOLU, industrial processes, waste)
- Supports evidence-based climate policy development
- Allows verification of NDC target achievement

Implementation:
- Ministry of Environment coordinates national inventory
- Sectoral ministries provide activity data (Energy, Forestry, Agriculture, Industry, Transportation)
- IPCC methodologies applied (consistent with Paris Agreement transparency framework)
- Results published in National Communications and Biennial Update Reports to UNFCCC

2. Climate Change Impact Control Policy (Pasal 63 Ayat 1j)

Verbatim Text:

"menetapkan dan melaksanakan kebijakan mengenai pengendalian dampak perubahan iklim dan perlindungan lapisan ozon"

(establishing and implementing policies for controlling climate change impacts and protecting the ozone layer)

Authority: Central Government (National Level)

Legal Obligation: The national government must:
1. Establish policies for climate change impact control
2. Implement those policies systematically

Climate Significance:
- Provides legal mandate for climate mitigation and adaptation policies
- Distinguishes climate impact control from general environmental management
- Links climate action to environmental protection (not just energy or forestry)
- Includes ozone layer protection (separate but related atmospheric issue)

Implemented Through:
- National Action Plan for Climate Change Adaptation (RAN-API)
- National Action Plan for GHG Emissions Reduction (RAN-GRK)
- NDC achievement strategies
- Climate change sectoral roadmaps (energy, forestry, agriculture, waste)
- Local climate actions (RAD-GRK at provincial/district levels)

3. Provincial GHG Inventory Mandate (Pasal 63 Ayat 2e)

Verbatim Text:

"menyelenggarakan inventarisasi sumber daya alam dan emisi gas rumah kaca pada tingkat provinsi"

(conducting natural resources inventory and greenhouse gas emissions at provincial level)

Authority: Provincial Governments (34 provinces)

Legal Obligation: Each province must inventory GHG emissions within its jurisdiction.

Climate Significance:
- Enables province-specific emissions tracking
- Supports provincial climate action planning (RAD-GRK Provinsi)
- Identifies major emission sources at subnational level
- Facilitates targeted mitigation policies

Implementation Challenges:
- Technical capacity varies across provinces
- Data availability constraints
- Need for standardized methodologies
- Coordination with national inventory to avoid double counting

4. District/City GHG Inventory Mandate (Pasal 63 Ayat 3e)

Verbatim Text:

"menyelenggarakan inventarisasi sumber daya alam dan emisi gas rumah kaca pada tingkat kabupaten/kota"

(conducting natural resources inventory and greenhouse gas emissions at district/city level)

Authority: District/City Governments (514 districts and cities)

Legal Obligation: Each district and city must inventory GHG emissions in its area.

Climate Significance:
- Most granular level of emissions tracking
- Critical for urban climate action (cities generate 70%+ of global emissions)
- Enables local mitigation priorities (transport, waste, buildings)
- Supports climate-smart spatial planning

Implementation Status:
- Major cities (Jakarta, Surabaya, Bandung, Semarang) have conducted inventories
- Many smaller districts lack capacity and resources
- Supported by international programs (C40 Cities, ICLEI)

Three-Tier Climate Governance Structure

Division of Climate Responsibilities

Coordination Mechanisms

Vertical Coordination:
- National government sets methodologies and standards
- Provincial governments supervise district/city inventories
- District/city data aggregates to provincial and national levels

Horizontal Coordination:
- National: Inter-ministerial coordination (coordinated by Ministry of Environment)
- Provincial: Inter-provincial cooperation on cross-boundary issues
- District/City: Inter-district collaboration on shared emission sources

Compliance Requirements

For National Government (Ministry of Environment)

GHG Inventory Obligations (Pasal 63 Ayat 1f):
1. Conduct comprehensive national GHG inventory (annual or biennial)
2. Cover all IPCC sectors: Energy, IPPU, AFOLU, Waste
3. Apply IPCC methodologies (tiered approach based on data availability)
4. Report to UNFCCC per Paris Agreement (Biennial Transparency Reports)
5. Make data publicly accessible

Climate Policy Obligations (Pasal 63 Ayat 1j):
1. Establish national climate change control policies
2. Implement mitigation and adaptation strategies
3. Coordinate sectoral climate actions
4. Monitor policy effectiveness
5. Update policies based on climate science and national circumstances

For Provincial Governments (34 Provinces)

GHG Inventory Obligations (Pasal 63 Ayat 2e):
1. Establish provincial GHG inventory system
2. Collect emissions data from major sources in jurisdiction
3. Coordinate with districts/cities for data consistency
4. Report provincial emissions to national government
5. Use inventory to inform provincial climate action plan (RAD-GRK)

Capacity Requirements:
- Train technical staff in GHG accounting
- Establish data collection systems
- Budget allocation for inventory activities
- Engage stakeholders (industry, agriculture, transport sectors)

For District/City Governments (514 Jurisdictions)

GHG Inventory Obligations (Pasal 63 Ayat 3e):
1. Conduct local GHG inventory (focus on major sources: transport, waste, buildings, industry)
2. Identify key emission sectors and trends
3. Report to provincial government
4. Integrate inventory results into local planning (RPPLH)
5. Develop local climate action plan (RAD-GRK Kabupaten/Kota)

Priority Sectors for Local Inventory:
- Transport: Vehicle emissions (major urban source)
- Waste: Landfill methane, wastewater treatment
- Buildings: Electricity consumption (residential, commercial, government)
- Industry: Manufacturing facilities in jurisdiction

Practical Implications

For National Climate Commitments

NDC Achievement:
- UU 32/2009 provides legal basis for mandatory GHG tracking across all government levels
- National inventory aggregates subnational data, enabling verification of emissions reductions
- Climate policy mandate (Pasal 63 Ayat 1j) supports implementation of NDC strategies

Paris Agreement Compliance:
- Indonesia's Enhanced Transparency Framework (ETF) reporting builds on UU 32/2009 inventory mandates
- Legal obligation ensures continuity of inventory regardless of political changes

For Subnational Climate Action

Provincial Climate Planning:
- Provincial GHG inventories identify major emission sources (e.g., forestry in Kalimantan, energy in Java)
- Enables tailored provincial RAD-GRK targeting dominant sectors
- Facilitates provincial-level monitoring of mitigation progress

City-Level Mitigation:
- Urban inventories critical for transport, waste, and building emissions
- Supports city participation in international networks (C40, ICLEI, Global Covenant of Mayors)
- Enables city-specific climate budgets and low-carbon development plans

For Corporate Environmental Compliance

Reporting Implications:
- Government GHG inventories rely on facility-level emissions data
- Large emitters may be required to report to support national/subnational inventories
- Creates basis for future emissions trading or carbon pricing schemes

Regulatory Risk:
- Climate policy mandate (Pasal 63 Ayat 1j) enables government to establish emission controls
- Facilities should anticipate stricter emissions regulations over time
- Proactive emissions reduction demonstrates compliance readiness

Matrix Analysis

Enforcement and Accountability

Legislative Mandate:
- UU 32/2009 is a law (highest domestic regulation below Constitution)
- Government obligations are legally binding, not merely aspirational

Oversight Mechanisms:
- Supreme Audit Agency (BPK) can audit government climate program expenditures
- Parliament (DPR/DPRD) provides legislative oversight
- Civil society can monitor inventory publication and policy implementation

International Accountability:
- UNFCCC reviews Indonesia's Biennial Transparency Reports
- Global Stocktake process assesses collective progress
- Peer review mechanisms under Paris Agreement

Official Source

Official Text: UU 32/2009
Citation: Undang-Undang Nomor 32 Tahun 2009 tentang Perlindungan dan Pengelolaan Lingkungan Hidup
Gazette: Lembaran Negara Tahun 2009 Nomor 140, Tambahan Lembaran Negara Nomor 5059
Key Articles: Pasal 63 Ayat (1)f, Pasal 63 Ayat (1)j, Pasal 63 Ayat (2)e, Pasal 63 Ayat (3)e
Status: Active
Effective Date: October 3, 2009

This article is part of CRPG's Carbon & Climate series analyzing Indonesia's regulatory framework for climate change mitigation and carbon management.

Article 80 of 85 | REGPRIMA Protocol | Carbon & Climate Series

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