What Does INPRES 1/2024 Require for Accelerating Clean Water Access?

1.0 Introduction and Regulatory Context

Presidential Instruction No. 1 of 2024 (INPRES 1/2024) represents a landmark policy directive aimed at accelerating Indonesia's provision of clean water supply and domestic wastewater management services. Issued on January 29, 2024, by President Joko Widodo, this instruction addresses fundamental public health challenges including waterborne diseases, stunting prevention, and excessive groundwater extraction by communities. The regulation operates within the framework of Indonesia's National Medium-Term Development Plan (RPJMN) 2020-2024 and aligns with the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), particularly SDG 6 on clean water and sanitation. Unlike traditional regulations that establish new legal frameworks, presidential instructions function as binding directives to government institutions at all levels, requiring coordinated action without creating new administrative structures. This mechanism enables rapid mobilization of existing government resources toward specific national priorities.

The urgency underlying INPRES 1/2024 stems from persistent water access disparities across Indonesian archipelago. According to baseline assessments referenced in the instruction's preamble, millions of households still lack access to piped water networks (SPAM Jaringan Perpipaan), while proper sanitation facilities remain inadequate in numerous regions. The instruction explicitly states its purpose: "Dalam rangka pemenuhan hak dasar masyarakat untuk meningkatkan derajat kesejahteraan masyarakat, meningkatkan kualitas kesehatan masyarakat yang berkaitan dengan penyakit bawaan air, menurunkan prevalensi dan mencegah terjadinya stunting, serta mengurangi laju pengambilan air tanah oleh masyarakat" (In order to fulfill society's basic rights to improve public welfare, enhance public health quality related to waterborne diseases, reduce prevalence and prevent stunting, and reduce the rate of groundwater extraction by communities). This comprehensive rationale demonstrates government recognition that water access transcends infrastructure development—it constitutes a fundamental human right directly impacting health outcomes, economic productivity, and environmental sustainability.

The instruction's strategic positioning within Indonesia's regulatory hierarchy deserves careful attention. As a presidential instruction (Instruksi Presiden), INPRES 1/2024 carries the President's direct authority to command coordinated action across multiple ministries and all levels of government. This instrument differs from presidential regulations (Peraturan Presiden) which establish new rules or procedures. Instead, instructions leverage existing legal frameworks and institutional mandates while demanding specific actions within defined timeframes. The document addresses nine distinct government entities ranging from national planning bodies to regional governors and mayors, creating a vertically integrated implementation structure. This multi-tiered approach recognizes that water infrastructure development requires simultaneous action at policy, budgetary, technical, and operational levels. By directly instructing both national ministries and regional governments, the President eliminates bureaucratic delays that typically plague inter-governmental coordination in Indonesia's complex administrative system.

INPRES 1/2024 emerges against a backdrop of intensifying water security challenges across Indonesia's urban and rural landscapes. Rapid urbanization, particularly in Java and Sumatra, has placed unprecedented demands on municipal water systems originally designed for smaller populations. Simultaneously, climate change impacts—including prolonged dry seasons and shifting rainfall patterns—have reduced reliability of surface water sources that feed conventional water treatment facilities. The instruction's emphasis on reducing groundwater extraction responds to documented aquifer depletion in major cities like Jakarta, Bandung, and Surabaya, where unregulated drilling has caused land subsidence measuring several centimeters annually. By expanding piped water networks that draw from sustainable sources, the government aims to transition households away from private wells that collectively threaten groundwater sustainability. This strategic shift requires not merely infrastructure investment but fundamental changes in water governance, tariff structures, and community engagement approaches.

2.0 Key Definitions and Scope

INPRES 1/2024 operates within a technical framework that distinguishes between two primary infrastructure systems: drinking water supply systems (SPAM) and domestic wastewater management systems (SPALD). The instruction specifically focuses on "Sistem Penyediaan Air Minum (SPAM) Jaringan Perpipaan" (Piped Water Supply Systems), which refers to networked infrastructure connecting treatment facilities to individual households through "Sambungan Rumah (SR)" (House Connections). This terminology reflects Indonesia's water sector classification that differentiates piped networks from alternative systems such as communal hydrants, protected wells, or rainwater harvesting. The emphasis on piped connections—rather than communal access points—signals policy prioritization of household-level service delivery that provides 24-hour availability and eliminates daily water collection burdens that disproportionately affect women and children. The instruction explicitly targets expansion of house connections, indicating that infrastructure investments should prioritize last-mile distribution networks rather than merely expanding production capacity at treatment plants.

The wastewater management framework embedded in INPRES 1/2024 encompasses two distinct systems: "Sistem Pengelolaan Air Limbah Domestik Terpusat (SPALD-T)" (Centralized Domestic Wastewater Management Systems) and "Sistem Pengelolaan Air Limbah Domestik Setempat (SPALD-S)" (On-site Domestic Wastewater Management Systems). SPALD-T refers to sewered systems where household wastewater flows through underground pipe networks to centralized treatment facilities, similar to systems common in developed nations. SPALD-S encompasses decentralized approaches including septic tanks that require periodic emptying and treatment at "Instalasi Pengolahan Lumpur Tinja (IPLT)" (Fecal Sludge Treatment Plants). The instruction's dual focus on expanding both centralized sewerage and improving on-site systems acknowledges Indonesia's diverse settlement patterns—dense urban cores may justify sewerage investments, while dispersed rural communities require properly managed septic systems with regular fecal sludge removal services. This technical differentiation prevents one-size-fits-all approaches that have historically resulted in inappropriate technology choices and premature infrastructure failure.

The instruction defines its geographical scope through a hierarchical targeting mechanism that prioritizes locations based on readiness criteria and population impact. While the document does not enumerate specific cities or districts, it establishes a selection framework coordinated between the Ministry of National Development Planning (BAPPENAS) and the Ministry of Public Works and Housing (PUPR). The text mandates formulation of "kriteria kesiapan dan pemanfaatan serta menyusun indikasi lokasi, prioritas, dan target kegiatan" (readiness and utilization criteria and compile indication of locations, priorities, and activity targets). This approach enables dynamic allocation of resources based on factors including technical preparedness, land availability, community demand, and existing infrastructure capacity. The instruction's applicability to both urban and rural contexts emerges through its addressing of provincial governors and district/city mayors, requiring all administrative levels to participate in acceleration efforts. However, practical implementation likely prioritizes urban and peri-urban areas where population density justifies networked infrastructure investments and where groundwater depletion problems are most acute.

Institutional scope under INPRES 1/2024 extends to nine categories of government actors, each with distinct responsibilities: (1) Ministry of National Development Planning/BAPPENAS as overall coordinator; (2) Ministry of Public Works and Housing as technical implementer; (3) Ministry of Finance for budget allocation; (4) Ministry of Home Affairs for regional government oversight; (5) Ministry of Health for water quality surveillance and community behavior change; (6) Ministry of Environment and Forestry for effluent quality monitoring; (7) Financial and Development Supervisory Agency (BPKP) for financial oversight; (8) Provincial Governors for facilitation and groundwater regulation; and (9) District/City Mayors for operational implementation including beneficiary selection, land provision, and system operation after handover. This multi-institutional framework reflects the cross-sectoral nature of water service delivery, requiring simultaneous action on planning, financing, construction, regulation, quality assurance, and operation. The instruction's genius lies in explicitly defining each actor's contribution while establishing coordination mechanisms to prevent institutional fragmentation.

Temporal scope operates through two interconnected timeframes. First, INPRES 1/2024 mandates immediate action for fiscal year 2024, with the Ministry of Finance instructed to "menyiapkan anggaran untuk pelaksanaan kegiatan percepatan penyediaan air minum dan layanan pengelolaan air limbah domestik pada tahun 2024" (prepare budget for implementing accelerated clean water provision and domestic wastewater management service activities in 2024). This creates urgency for institutional mobilization, site verification, and construction commencement within the calendar year. Second, the instruction requires development of sustainability policies extending beyond initial infrastructure construction: "menyusun kebijakan, program, dan kegiatan keberlanjutan percepatan penyediaan air minum dan layanan pengelolaan air limbah domestik" (formulate policies, programs, and sustainability activities for accelerated clean water provision and domestic wastewater management services). This dual temporal frame recognizes that infrastructure construction represents merely the beginning of service delivery—sustainable operation, maintenance financing, and institutional capacity building require longer-term commitments that outlast political cycles. The instruction's effectiveness ultimately depends on whether implementing agencies develop these sustainability mechanisms in parallel with infrastructure development.

3.0 Core Requirements and Provisions

3.1 Coordinated Multi-Agency Action Framework

INPRES 1/2024's primary requirement, articulated in Section KESATU (First Instruction), mandates all addressed government entities to "Mengambil langkah-langkah yang terkoordinasi dan terintegrasi sesuai tugas, fungsi, dan kewenangan masing-masing" (Take coordinated and integrated steps according to respective duties, functions, and authorities). This directive establishes five core obligations that apply universally across institutions: (1) implementing acceleration of water supply and wastewater services through specific infrastructure expansion; (2) planning and providing technical and non-technical readiness including budget, maintenance, regulations, institutions, and community preparedness; (3) formulating sustainability policies, programs, and activities; (4) monitoring, evaluating, controlling, and reporting implementation; and (5) resolving obstacles and barriers during execution. These five obligations create a complete project cycle encompassing planning, implementation, sustainability, oversight, and problem-solving—ensuring that acceleration efforts maintain quality standards while achieving speed.

The infrastructure expansion mandate centers on two specific deliverables that define success metrics. For water supply, agencies must pursue "perluasan Sistem Penyediaan Air Minum (SPAM) Jaringan Perpipaan terbangun utamanya melalui pembangunan Sambungan Rumah (SR) dan penyediaan air baku" (expansion of constructed Piped Water Supply Systems primarily through building House Connections and raw water provision). This specification prioritizes household connections over bulk infrastructure, recognizing that distribution networks represent the critical bottleneck preventing service expansion. The instruction's emphasis on raw water provision addresses a fundamental constraint—many existing treatment plants operate below capacity due to inadequate source water, particularly during dry seasons. For wastewater services, the mandate requires "penyediaan layanan pengelolaan air limbah domestik melalui perluasan layanan Sistem Pengelolaan Air Limbah Domestik Terpusat (SPALD-T) dan perluasan layanan Sistem Pengelolaan Air Limbah Domestik Setempat (SPALD-S) dari Instalasi Pengolahan Lumpur Tinja (IPLT) terbangun" (providing domestic wastewater management services through expanding Centralized Domestic Wastewater Management System services and expanding On-site Domestic Wastewater Management System services from constructed Fecal Sludge Treatment Plants). This dual-track approach accommodates diverse settlement patterns while ensuring all communities receive appropriate sanitation solutions.

The readiness requirement introduces a comprehensive preparedness framework that extends beyond conventional infrastructure planning. The instruction specifies six readiness dimensions: technical preparedness (engineering designs, site surveys, construction methods), budget allocation (capital investment and operational funding), maintenance planning (preventive maintenance schedules, spare parts supply chains), regulatory frameworks (tariff structures, service standards, customer protection), institutional capacity (operator training, management systems, financial controls), and community preparedness (demand generation, willingness to pay, behavioral change). This holistic approach acknowledges that infrastructure failure in Indonesia frequently results not from technical deficiencies but from inadequate attention to operational, financial, and social dimensions. By mandating simultaneous readiness across all dimensions, the instruction seeks to avoid past patterns where newly constructed facilities deteriorate rapidly due to absent maintenance budgets, untrained operators, or insufficient community engagement that undermines cost recovery.

The sustainability mandate represents perhaps the instruction's most forward-looking element, requiring agencies to "menyusun kebijakan, program, dan kegiatan keberlanjutan percepatan penyediaan air minum dan layanan pengelolaan air limbah domestik" (formulate sustainability policies, programs, and activities for accelerated clean water provision and domestic wastewater management services). This obligation recognizes a persistent challenge in Indonesia's infrastructure sector: construction-focused approaches that neglect long-term operational viability. Sustainability encompasses multiple dimensions including financial sustainability (tariff structures covering operational costs and asset renewal), technical sustainability (maintenance protocols preserving asset functionality), institutional sustainability (capable operators with stable revenue sources), and environmental sustainability (protecting water sources from depletion or contamination). The instruction's requirement that sustainability planning occur in parallel with infrastructure construction—rather than as an afterthought—reflects lessons learned from previous acceleration programs where facilities became non-functional within years due to inadequate operational frameworks.

Monitoring, evaluation, and reporting requirements establish accountability mechanisms ensuring that acceleration efforts remain transparent and measurable. The instruction mandates: "memantau, mengevaluasi, mengendalikan, dan melaporkan pelaksanaan kegiatan percepatan penyediaan air minum dan layanan pengelolaan air limbah domestik" (monitor, evaluate, control, and report implementation of accelerated clean water provision and domestic wastewater management service activities). These four verbs create distinct oversight functions: monitoring tracks ongoing implementation progress against planned timelines and budgets; evaluation assesses whether activities achieve intended outcomes in terms of expanded service coverage; control identifies deviations from plans and triggers corrective actions; and reporting communicates results to oversight bodies including the President. The instruction assigns primary monitoring responsibility to BAPPENAS and PUPR jointly, creating checks and balances between planning and implementing agencies. This dual oversight structure aims to balance technical feasibility considerations (PUPR's domain) with broader development impact assessment (BAPPENAS's mandate), preventing either pure technical optimization or purely results-focused approaches that sacrifice quality.

Matrix 1: Universal Obligations Under INPRES 1/2024

3.2 Institution-Specific Mandates

INPRES 1/2024 assigns differentiated responsibilities to each government institution, creating a division of labor that leverages respective institutional strengths. The Ministry of National Development Planning (BAPPENAS) receives the broadest coordination mandate with nine specific duties. Most significantly, BAPPENAS must "mengoordinasikan kegiatan percepatan penyediaan air minum dan layanan pengelolaan air limbah domestik" (coordinate accelerated clean water provision and domestic wastewater management service activities) and "melaporkan hasil pelaksanaan Instruksi Presiden ini kepada Presiden" (report implementation results of this Presidential Instruction to the President). This positioning establishes BAPPENAS as the central coordinating body accountable for overall program success. Additionally, BAPPENAS jointly with PUPR must formulate readiness criteria, compile location indications, conduct verification and assessment, establish activity lists, and establish implementation guidelines. This joint responsibility between planning and implementing agencies creates a balanced approach preventing either abstract planning divorced from implementation realities or purely technical implementation lacking strategic direction.

The Ministry of Public Works and Housing (PUPR) bears primary technical implementation responsibility with ten specific mandates. Beyond the joint responsibilities shared with BAPPENAS, PUPR must independently "menentukan kriteria teknis dan rencana penanganan sebagai dasar verifikasi dan penilaian" (determine technical criteria and handling plans as basis for verification and assessment), "menyusun besaran pagu yang direncanakan berdasarkan kriteria teknis, kapasitas, dan target" (compile planned budget amounts based on technical criteria, capacity, and targets), and "memastikan rincian lokasi, kapasitas, target, dan pagu setiap kegiatan" (ensure details of location, capacity, target, and budget for each activity) in PUPR's Budget Implementation Document (DIPA). These responsibilities position PUPR as the technical authority determining what infrastructure gets built where, at what cost, and to what specifications. The instruction requires PUPR to "melaksanakan kegiatan percepatan penyediaan air minum dan layanan pengelolaan air limbah domestik yang melibatkan pemerintah daerah terkait" (implement accelerated clean water provision and domestic wastewater management service activities involving related regional governments), establishing that construction occurs through partnership with regional authorities rather than purely centralized execution.

Critically, PUPR must "melakukan serah terima hasil kegiatan percepatan penyediaan air minum dan layanan pengelolaan air limbah domestik kepada pemerintah daerah sesuai dengan ketentuan peraturan perundang-undangan" (conduct handover of accelerated clean water provision and domestic wastewater management service activity results to regional governments according to statutory regulations) and "melakukan pembinaan teknis kepada pemerintah daerah terkait dengan pengelolaan pasca konstruksi (operasi dan pemeliharaan) dari infrastruktur SPAM Jaringan Perpipaan, SPALD-T, dan SPALD-S dari IPLT terbangun" (conduct technical guidance to regional governments related to post-construction management (operation and maintenance) of Piped SPAM, SPALD-T, and SPALD-S from IPLT infrastructure). These provisions address a chronic problem in Indonesian infrastructure projects—unclear asset ownership transitions leading to deterioration of nationally-funded facilities. By mandating formal handover protocols and post-construction technical support, the instruction aims to ensure regional governments receive operational systems rather than merely constructed facilities, while building local capacity to maintain performance standards after national oversight concludes.

The Ministry of Finance receives focused mandates addressing budgetary and asset transfer dimensions. The instruction requires Finance to "menyiapkan anggaran untuk pelaksanaan kegiatan percepatan penyediaan air minum dan layanan pengelolaan air limbah domestik pada tahun 2024 dengan memperhatikan keuangan negara" (prepare budget for implementing accelerated clean water provision and domestic wastewater management service activities in 2024 with attention to state finances). This language acknowledges fiscal constraints while mandating budget allocation, requiring Finance to balance acceleration goals against macroeconomic stability and competing priorities. Additionally, Finance jointly with the Ministry of Home Affairs must "memfasilitasi untuk melakukan percepatan proses serah terima hasil kegiatan" (facilitate accelerating the handover process of activity results). This joint responsibility addresses bureaucratic complexities in transferring national assets to regional governments, which typically involves complex valuations, asset classification, and intergovernmental fiscal transfer arrangements that can delay operational activation by years.

The Ministry of Home Affairs (Kemendagri) receives mandates focused on regional government capacity building and oversight. Kemendagri must "memberikan sosialisasi kepada pemerintah daerah mengenai pelaksanaan kebijakan percepatan penyediaan air minum dan layanan pengelolaan air limbah domestik" (provide socialization to regional governments regarding implementation of accelerated clean water provision and domestic wastewater management service policies), ensuring regional leaders understand their obligations under the instruction. More substantively, Kemendagri must "melaksanakan pembinaan dan pengawasan kepada pemerintah daerah dan Badan Usaha Milik Daerah (BUMD) Air Minum dan/atau Air Limbah Domestik" (implement guidance and supervision to regional governments and Regional Drinking Water and/or Domestic Wastewater Enterprises) covering program formulation, budget allocation for operations and maintenance, and monitoring, evaluation, and reporting. This supervisory role recognizes that regional governments and their water utilities often lack capacity to independently manage expanded systems, requiring sustained central government support to prevent service deterioration.

Matrix 2: Institution-Specific Core Mandates

3.3 Regional Government Requirements

Provincial governors receive four specific mandates under INPRES 1/2024 that position them as intermediate facilitators between national policy and district implementation. Governors must "melaksanakan pembinaan dan fasilitasi kepada pemerintah daerah kabupaten/kota dalam pelaksanaan kegiatan percepatan" (implement guidance and facilitation to district/city regional governments in implementing acceleration activities), establishing a supervisory role ensuring districts meet their obligations. More substantively, governors must pursue "percepatan pengaturan pembatasan pemanfaatan air tanah khususnya di daerah yang sudah mendapatkan layanan akses air minum jaringan perpipaan" (accelerated regulation of groundwater use restrictions particularly in areas that have received piped drinking water access services). This groundwater regulation mandate addresses a critical behavioral change requirement—households that receive piped connections must cease private well usage to achieve aquifer protection goals. The instruction positions groundwater regulation as a provincial responsibility, recognizing that provincial governments typically hold permitting authority over groundwater extraction under spatial planning laws.

Governors must also "mendorong dan memastikan SPAM memenuhi standar baku mutu kesehatan lingkungan dan persyaratan kesehatan sampai titik rumah tangga sesuai dengan ketentuan peraturan perundang-undangan" (encourage and ensure SPAM meets environmental health quality standards and health requirements to household point according to statutory regulations). This quality assurance mandate establishes governors as responsible for verifying that expanded water systems deliver safe drinking water—not merely piped water of unknown quality. The specification "sampai titik rumah tangga" (to household point) prevents providers from meeting standards at treatment plants while allowing distribution network contamination to compromise water safety at taps. Finally, governors must "melaksanakan kegiatan upaya penyehatan dan pengawasan kualitas air minum" (implement health improvement efforts and drinking water quality surveillance activities), requiring establishment of systematic water quality monitoring programs sampling household taps rather than relying on provider self-reporting.

District and city mayors (Bupati/Wali Kota) bear the most extensive operational responsibilities with fourteen specific mandates. During planning phases, mayors must "menyiapkan dokumen kesiapan dan memberikan kemudahan dalam menyiapkan kelengkapan perizinan sesuai dengan kewenangannya" (prepare readiness documents and provide ease in preparing permit completeness according to their authority), "menyediakan dukungan program dan anggaran dalam rangka menyiapkan dokumen kesiapan" (provide program and budget support for preparing readiness documents), "menyiapkan daftar tunggu pelanggan calon penerima manfaat oleh perangkat daerah terkait yang telah direviu oleh APIP" (prepare waiting lists of customers as prospective beneficiaries by related regional apparatus that have been reviewed by APIP), and "menyediakan dukungan lahan siap bangun" (provide ready-to-build land support). These four planning mandates establish districts as responsible for site preparation, beneficiary identification, and removing administrative obstacles that delay construction—shifting blame for project delays from national agencies to regional governments that fail to meet preparedness requirements.

During operational phases, mayors must "menerima, mengoperasikan, dan melakukan pemeliharaan SPAM Jaringan Perpipaan serta SPALD-T dan SPALD-S yang telah diserahterimakan" (receive, operate, and maintain Piped SPAM as well as SPALD-T and SPALD-S that have been handed over). This triple obligation—receiving assets, operating systems, and maintaining infrastructure—establishes unambiguous local responsibility for service delivery after handover. The instruction requires mayors to "memastikan peningkatan kapasitas dan kinerja kelembagaan operator yang bertanggung jawab dalam penyediaan layanan pengelolaan air limbah domestik" (ensure capacity improvement and institutional performance of operators responsible for providing domestic wastewater management services), specifying potential operator types including "Unit Pelaksana Teknis Daerah (UPTD) atau Badan Layanan Umum Daerah (BLUD) atau BUMD Air Limbah Domestik" (Regional Technical Implementation Unit or Regional Public Service Agency or Regional Domestic Wastewater Enterprise). The instruction encourages "integrasi pelayanan pengelolaan air limbah domestik dengan air minum" (integration of domestic wastewater management services with drinking water), promoting unified water utilities that can cross-subsidize sanitation services from water revenues.

Critically, mayors must "menetapkan retribusi/tarif layanan pengelolaan air limbah domestik sesuai dengan ketentuan peraturan perundang-undangan" (establish retribution/tariffs for domestic wastewater management services according to statutory regulations). This tariff-setting mandate addresses a fundamental obstacle to sanitation service sustainability—many Indonesian districts lack wastewater tariff structures, resulting in underfunded sanitation operators chronically unable to maintain treatment facilities. The instruction also requires mayors to "menyiapkan rencana peningkatan kinerja BUMD Air Minum dan operator layanan pengelolaan air limbah domestik yang dikoordinasikan dengan Menteri Dalam Negeri dan Gubernur" (prepare performance improvement plans for Regional Drinking Water Enterprises and domestic wastewater service operators coordinated with the Minister of Home Affairs and Governor), establishing a three-tier oversight structure (national-provincial-district) ensuring utility performance monitoring. Additionally, mayors must "memberikan pembinaan kepada BUMD Air Minum dan/atau Air Limbah Domestik dalam menunjang operasi dan pemeliharaan SPAM dan/atau SPALD agar infrastruktur yang terbangun dapat berkelanjutan serta meningkatkan kinerja BUMD" (provide guidance to Drinking Water and/or Domestic Wastewater Regional Enterprises in supporting operation and maintenance of SPAM and/or SPALD so that constructed infrastructure can be sustainable and improve Regional Enterprise performance).

Matrix 3: Regional Government Responsibilities

4.0 Implementation Framework and Compliance

4.1 Coordination and Planning Mechanisms

INPRES 1/2024 establishes a joint planning mechanism between BAPPENAS and PUPR that determines which locations receive acceleration investments. Both ministries must collaboratively "merumuskan kriteria kesiapan dan pemanfaatan serta menyusun indikasi lokasi, prioritas, dan target kegiatan" (formulate readiness and utilization criteria and compile indication of locations, priorities, and activity targets). This joint formulation prevents either pure technical optimization (PUPR's tendency) or purely equity-based distribution (BAPPENAS's tendency) from dominating site selection. The readiness criteria likely encompass factors including technical preparedness (completed feasibility studies, secured land tenure, available water sources), institutional capacity (functional water utilities, financial management systems), and demand validation (community willingness to pay, beneficiary registration). Utilization criteria assess whether proposed infrastructure will achieve sustained usage rather than becoming stranded assets—evaluating factors such as affordability relative to household incomes, cultural acceptability of piped water, and competition from alternative sources like subsidized water trucking.

Following criteria formulation, both ministries jointly "melakukan verifikasi dan penilaian sebagai dasar penentuan kegiatan" (conduct verification and assessment as basis for activity determination). This verification process involves field validation that proposed locations meet established criteria—confirming that readiness documentation reflects actual conditions rather than aspirational claims. The assessment component evaluates competing proposals, ranking potential projects based on cost-effectiveness, population impact, and alignment with RPJMN targets. After verification and assessment, both ministries jointly "menetapkan daftar kegiatan percepatan penyediaan air minum dan layanan pengelolaan air limbah domestik" (establish the list of accelerated clean water provision and domestic wastewater management service activities). This formal activity list becomes the binding implementation plan, directing PUPR's construction activities and Finance's budget allocation. The instruction also mandates BAPPENAS to "menetapkan pedoman pelaksanaan kegiatan percepatan" (establish implementation guidelines for acceleration activities), creating standardized procedures that ensure consistent approaches across diverse regional contexts.

The monitoring framework establishes dual oversight through joint BAPPENAS-PUPR monitoring complemented by independent financial oversight from BPKP. BAPPENAS and PUPR must jointly "melakukan pemantauan, evaluasi, dan pengendalian pelaksanaan kegiatan percepatan" (conduct monitoring, evaluation, and control of acceleration activity implementation). This joint monitoring prevents information asymmetry where implementing agencies control performance reporting—BAPPENAS's independent monitoring provides checks on PUPR's self-assessments. The instruction requires BAPPENAS to "mengoordinasikan penyusunan kebijakan, program, dan kegiatan keberlanjutan penyediaan air minum dan layanan pengelolaan air limbah domestik" (coordinate formulation of policies, programs, and sustainability activities for clean water provision and domestic wastewater management services), positioning sustainability planning as a parallel rather than sequential activity occurring throughout implementation rather than after construction completion.

BAPPENAS bears ultimate accountability through its mandate to "melaporkan hasil pelaksanaan Instruksi Presiden ini kepada Presiden" (report implementation results of this Presidential Instruction to the President). This reporting obligation creates a direct accountability line from implementing agencies through BAPPENAS to the President, bypassing normal bureaucratic hierarchies that can filter negative information. The frequency and format of presidential reporting remain unspecified in the instruction, likely subject to separate implementing guidelines. However, the existence of mandatory presidential reporting ensures senior political attention remains focused on acceleration progress, enabling high-level intervention when obstacles emerge. This accountability structure reflects the instruction's nature as a presidential priority rather than routine ministerial activity—failures will be visible at the highest government level, creating strong incentives for agencies to meet their obligations.

4.2 Technical Implementation Procedures

PUPR's technical implementation process follows a structured sequence specified in the instruction. After joint location determination with BAPPENAS, PUPR must independently "menentukan kriteria teknis dan rencana penanganan sebagai dasar verifikasi dan penilaian dalam kegiatan percepatan" (determine technical criteria and handling plans as basis for verification and assessment in acceleration activities). These technical criteria likely specify engineering standards including pipe materials and diameters, treatment process requirements, pressure standards, and water quality parameters. The handling plans establish construction approaches—determining whether projects use conventional trenching or trenchless technologies, phasing strategies for large service areas, and quality control procedures during construction. By establishing these criteria before verification, PUPR creates transparent standards against which all proposals are evaluated, preventing arbitrary technical decisions that favor particular contractors or regions.

Following technical planning, PUPR must "menyusun besaran pagu yang direncanakan berdasarkan kriteria teknis, kapasitas, dan target setiap kegiatan percepatan" (compile planned budget amounts based on technical criteria, capacity, and targets for each acceleration activity). This budget compilation process translates technical designs into financial requirements, estimating costs for pipe networks, pumping stations, treatment facilities, and house connection installations. The instruction specifies that budgets reflect capacity (infrastructure size and service population) and targets (number of connections or treatment volume), ensuring financial allocations match physical deliverables. PUPR then must "memastikan rincian lokasi, kapasitas, target, dan pagu setiap kegiatan percepatan penyediaan air minum dan layanan pengelolaan air limbah domestik dalam Daftar Isian Pelaksanaan Anggaran Kementerian Pekerjaan Umum dan Perumahan Rakyat" (ensure details of location, capacity, target, and budget for each accelerated clean water provision and domestic wastewater management service activity in the Ministry of Public Works and Housing's Budget Implementation Document). This DIPA inclusion makes acceleration projects legally binding budget commitments that PUPR must execute within the fiscal year.

PUPR must "melaksanakan kegiatan percepatan penyediaan air minum dan layanan pengelolaan air limbah domestik yang melibatkan pemerintah daerah terkait" (implement accelerated clean water provision and domestic wastewater management service activities involving related regional governments). This involvement requirement prevents purely centralized implementation where national contractors construct facilities without local input, which historically produces inappropriate designs and absent local ownership. Regional government involvement likely encompasses providing local knowledge on settlement patterns and water sources, facilitating community engagement and beneficiary identification, assisting land acquisition and permit processing, and participating in quality supervision during construction. By mandating regional government involvement throughout implementation rather than merely during handover, the instruction aims to build local capacity and ownership that supports sustainability after national oversight concludes.

The handover process receives explicit attention to prevent infrastructure abandonment after construction. PUPR must "melakukan serah terima hasil kegiatan percepatan penyediaan air minum dan layanan pengelolaan air limbah domestik kepada pemerintah daerah sesuai dengan ketentuan peraturan perundang-undangan" (conduct handover of accelerated clean water provision and domestic wastewater management service activity results to regional governments according to statutory regulations). The reference to statutory regulations invokes existing asset handover frameworks under Government Regulation on State Property Management, requiring formal asset valuation, condition documentation, and transfer agreements specifying maintenance obligations. This procedural formality prevents informal handovers where regional governments receive facilities without documentation enabling proper asset management. The instruction requires Finance and Home Affairs to jointly "memfasilitasi untuk melakukan percepatan proses serah terima hasil kegiatan" (facilitate accelerating the handover process of activity results), recognizing that bureaucratic procedures can delay operational activation by months or years as valuations and transfer approvals proceed through administrative channels.

Critically, PUPR must "melakukan pembinaan teknis kepada pemerintah daerah terkait dengan pengelolaan pasca konstruksi (operasi dan pemeliharaan) dari infrastruktur SPAM Jaringan Perpipaan, SPALD-T, dan SPALD-S dari IPLT terbangun" (conduct technical guidance to regional governments related to post-construction management (operation and maintenance) of Piped SPAM infrastructure, SPALD-T, and SPALD-S from IPLT). This post-construction guidance obligation recognizes that asset transfer alone does not ensure operational capacity—regional governments require sustained technical support covering operational procedures, preventive maintenance schedules, troubleshooting protocols, and performance monitoring systems. The instruction's specification of post-construction guidance as a distinct PUPR obligation prevents premature disengagement after physical handover, requiring continued national technical support until regional operators demonstrate independent operational capacity.

Matrix 4: Technical Implementation Sequence

4.3 Oversight and Accountability Structures

INPRES 1/2024 establishes multi-layered oversight combining internal government monitoring, financial supervision, and public health surveillance. The Financial and Development Supervisory Agency (BPKP) receives three specific mandates creating independent oversight parallel to implementation agency self-monitoring. BPKP must "melaksanakan pengawasan intern terhadap perencanaan, pelaksanaan, dan pertanggungjawaban akuntabilitas keuangan negara/daerah dalam pelaksanaan kegiatan percepatan" (implement internal supervision of planning, implementation, and accountability for state/regional financial accountability in implementing acceleration activities). This comprehensive supervision covers the entire project cycle—not merely financial disbursement but also whether planning appropriately considers costs, whether implementation achieves value for money, and whether accountability mechanisms ensure transparent reporting. The specification of both state and regional financial accountability recognizes that acceleration involves both national budget (PUPR construction) and regional budgets (operation and maintenance).

BPKP must "mengoordinasikan dan bersinergi dalam penyelenggaraan pengawasan intern terhadap akuntabilitas keuangan negara/daerah bersama aparat pengawasan intern pemerintah lainnya" (coordinate and synergize in conducting internal supervision of state/regional financial accountability together with other government internal supervisory apparatus). This coordination mandate engages regional inspectorates (Inspektorat) that operate under governors and mayors, creating a unified oversight network spanning national and regional levels. The instruction specifically addresses regional inspectorates through its mandate to the Ministry of Home Affairs to "melakukan pembinaan kepada pemerintah daerah khususnya Aparat Pengawas Internal Pemerintah (APIP) dalam melaksanakan pengawasan khususnya reviu daftar calon penerima manfaat yang diusulkan" (provide guidance to regional governments particularly Government Internal Supervisory Apparatus in implementing supervision particularly reviewing proposed beneficiary candidate lists). This beneficiary review requirement prevents patronage-based allocation where connections favor politically connected households rather than systematically addressing underserved populations.

Additionally, BPKP must "melakukan pembinaan dan pengawasan manajemen risiko lintas sektoral atas pelaksanaan percepatan penyediaan air minum dan layanan pengelolaan air limbah domestik" (conduct guidance and supervision of cross-sectoral risk management regarding implementation of accelerated clean water provision and domestic wastewater management services). This risk management oversight addresses a sophisticated dimension often neglected in infrastructure programs—systematic identification, assessment, and mitigation of risks that could derail implementation. Cross-sectoral risks in water infrastructure include land acquisition disputes, community resistance, contractor performance failures, supply chain disruptions affecting materials availability, and coordination breakdowns between agencies. By assigning BPKP to oversee risk management, the instruction recognizes that acceleration requires proactive problem anticipation rather than merely reactive issue resolution after problems materialize.

Water quality oversight operates through parallel Ministry of Health and Ministry of Environment and Forestry mandates. The Ministry of Health must "melaksanakan pembinaan teknis kepada pemerintah daerah dalam pelaksanaan upaya penyehatan dan pengawasan kualitas air minum" (implement technical guidance to regional governments in implementing health improvement efforts and drinking water quality surveillance) and "melaksanakan pemantauan dan evaluasi serta pelaporan pelaksanaan upaya penyehatan dan pengawasan kualitas air minum yang dilakukan oleh pemerintah daerah" (implement monitoring and evaluation as well as reporting of health improvement efforts and drinking water quality surveillance implementation conducted by regional governments). This two-tier structure—provincial/district surveillance overseen by national monitoring—ensures systematic water quality testing rather than ad hoc sampling. The instruction mandates governors and mayors to "melaksanakan kegiatan upaya penyehatan dan pengawasan kualitas air minum" (implement health improvement efforts and drinking water quality surveillance activities), establishing operational responsibility at regional level.

The Ministry of Environment and Forestry receives a parallel mandate for wastewater effluent monitoring: "mengoordinasikan dan melaksanakan kegiatan pengawasan kualitas efluen Instalasi Pengolahan Air Limbah Domestik (IPALD) dan IPLT" (coordinate and implement quality surveillance activities of effluent from Domestic Wastewater Treatment Installations and IPLT). This effluent monitoring prevents wastewater treatment facilities from becoming pollution sources themselves—a documented problem where poorly operated treatment plants discharge inadequately treated wastewater directly into rivers or coastal waters. The joint drinking water quality and wastewater effluent monitoring creates comprehensive water quality accountability spanning the entire urban water cycle. Governors and mayors must "melaksanakan kegiatan pengawasan kualitas efluen IPALD dan IPLT" (implement quality surveillance activities of IPALD and IPLT effluent), establishing operational monitoring at the regional level with national oversight coordination.

Matrix 5: Oversight and Quality Assurance Framework

5.0 Practical Implications and Recommendations

5.1 Implications for Water Utilities and Service Providers

INPRES 1/2024 creates profound operational challenges for regional water utilities (BUMDs and UPTDs) that must absorb rapidly expanded infrastructure while maintaining service quality. The instruction's emphasis on house connection expansion means utilities receive thousands of new customers within compressed timeframes, straining billing systems, customer service capacity, and revenue collection mechanisms. Many Indonesian water utilities operate legacy systems incapable of managing rapid customer growth—paper-based billing, manual meter reading, and limited complaint response capacity become acute bottlenecks when customer bases expand by 20-30% annually. Utilities must urgently invest in digital billing platforms, automated meter reading infrastructure, and expanded customer service departments to accommodate acceleration-driven growth. The instruction's requirement that regional governments "memastikan peningkatan kapasitas dan kinerja kelembagaan operator" (ensure capacity improvement and institutional performance of operators) acknowledges this challenge but provides limited guidance on financing such institutional upgrades.

The instruction's mandate for wastewater tariff establishment—"menetapkan retribusi/tarif layanan pengelolaan air limbah domestik" (establish retribution/tariffs for domestic wastewater management services)—represents a potential policy breakthrough addressing chronic sanitation funding gaps. However, implementing agencies must carefully design tariff structures that balance cost recovery with affordability. International best practices suggest progressive tariff blocks where initial consumption receives subsidized rates while higher consumption tiers pay cost-reflective prices, enabling cross-subsidy from wealthier households to low-income families. The instruction's encouragement of "integrasi pelayanan pengelolaan air limbah domestik dengan air minum" (integration of domestic wastewater management services with drinking water) creates opportunities for unified billing where water bills include sanitation charges, improving collection rates compared to separate wastewater fees that customers resist paying.

Water utilities face sustainability challenges around operation and maintenance financing that the instruction addresses but does not fully resolve. The requirement that regional governments "menyediakan dukungan program dan anggaran dalam rangka menyiapkan dokumen kesiapan untuk pelaksanaan kegiatan percepatan penyediaan air minum dan layanan pengelolaan air limbah domestik" (provide program and budget support for preparing readiness documents for implementing accelerated clean water provision and domestic wastewater management service activities) and "memfasilitasi penyusunan program dan kegiatan, pengalokasian anggaran dalam rangka operasi dan pemeliharaan" (facilitate formulation of programs and activities, budget allocation for operation and maintenance) establishes clear O&M budget obligations. However, implementation depends on regional political will—mayors facing competing budget demands may underfund O&M to finance more visible projects like road construction. The instruction's requirement that utilities prepare "rencana peningkatan kinerja BUMD Air Minum dan operator layanan pengelolaan air limbah domestik yang dikoordinasikan dengan Menteri Dalam Negeri dan Gubernur" (performance improvement plans for Regional Drinking Water Enterprises and domestic wastewater service operators coordinated with the Minister of Home Affairs and Governor) creates three-tier oversight that may pressure mayors to adequately fund utilities, but enforcement mechanisms remain unclear.

The instruction's emphasis on post-construction technical guidance from PUPR—"melakukan pembinaan teknis kepada pemerintah daerah terkait dengan pengelolaan pasca konstruksi (operasi dan pemeliharaan)" (conduct technical guidance to regional governments related to post-construction management (operation and maintenance))—creates opportunities for utilities to develop sophisticated maintenance regimes that prevent premature infrastructure deterioration. PUPR guidance should address preventive maintenance scheduling, spare parts inventory management, leak detection programs, and network pressure management that extends asset lifespans. However, the instruction does not specify the duration of PUPR's technical guidance obligation, risking premature disengagement before regional capacity solidifies. Implementing regulations should establish minimum technical support periods—perhaps three years post-handover—during which PUPR maintains advisory relationships with regional operators.

5.2 Implications for Community Engagement and Behavioral Change

The instruction recognizes that infrastructure expansion alone does not guarantee service uptake, requiring parallel community engagement addressing behavioral barriers to piped water adoption. The Ministry of Health mandate to "menyelenggarakan komunikasi, informasi, dan edukasi kepada masyarakat terkait kebermanfaatan dalam mengakses air minum melalui jaringan perpipaan" (conduct communication, information, and education to communities regarding benefits of accessing drinking water through piped networks) and district/city mayors' obligation to "memberikan edukasi kepada masyarakat terkait kebermanfaatan dalam mengakses air minum melalui jaringan perpipaan" (provide education to communities regarding benefits of accessing drinking water through piped networks) create dual national-regional responsibility for demand generation. This education must address common misconceptions that piped water tastes inferior to well water, costs exceed household budgets, or reliability problems mean connections provide little value. Successful communication campaigns employ community leaders, health workers, and existing customers as advocates demonstrating tangible benefits including time savings, improved health outcomes, and groundwater conservation.

The sanitation behavior change mandate—requiring the Ministry of Health to "menyelenggarakan pemicuan perubahan perilaku masyarakat untuk menghentikan buang air besar sembarangan dan edukasi kepada masyarakat terkait akses sanitasi aman" (conduct triggering of community behavior change to stop open defecation and education to communities regarding safe sanitation access)—invokes Community-Led Total Sanitation (CLTS) methodologies that Indonesia has employed since the mid-2000s. CLTS uses participatory techniques triggering disgust and shame around open defecation, catalyzing communities to collectively adopt improved sanitation without subsidies. The instruction's linkage of behavior change with infrastructure expansion recognizes that merely constructing sewer connections or fecal sludge treatment plants does not alter ingrained practices—sustained community engagement preceding and accompanying infrastructure deployment enables social norm shifts that drive technology adoption. However, CLTS approaches work best in cohesive rural communities with strong social structures; dense urban settlements with transient populations may require alternative engagement models emphasizing individual household benefits rather than collective action.

The groundwater regulation mandate assigned to governors—"percepatan pengaturan pembatasan pemanfaatan air tanah khususnya di daerah yang sudah mendapatkan layanan akses air minum jaringan perpipaan" (accelerated regulation of groundwater use restrictions particularly in areas that have received piped drinking water access services)—represents perhaps the instruction's most politically challenging requirement. Restricting private wells encounters fierce resistance from households viewing groundwater as free natural resource accessible on their property without government permission. Effective implementation requires combining regulatory restrictions (well-drilling permit denials, well-closure orders in critical zones) with positive incentives (subsidized piped connection fees, promotional tariff periods) and public education on aquifer depletion consequences including land subsidence and saltwater intrusion. The instruction's specification that restrictions apply "khususnya di daerah yang sudah mendapatkan layanan akses air minum jaringan perpipaan" (particularly in areas that have received piped drinking water access services) creates logical sequencing—restrictions follow service provision rather than preceding it, preventing hardship from access denial without alternatives.

The instruction's requirement for social risk mitigation—mandating mayors to "melaksanakan mitigasi risiko sosial dalam pelaksanaan kegiatan percepatan penyediaan air minum dan layanan pengelolaan air limbah domestik sebelum pengusulan kegiatan" (implement social risk mitigation in implementing accelerated clean water provision and domestic wastewater management service activities before proposing activities)—acknowledges that water infrastructure can generate community conflicts around land acquisition, construction disruptions, or exclusion from service areas. Social risk assessment should identify vulnerable households potentially displaced by infrastructure construction, cultural sensitivities around water use practices, and distributional conflicts if some neighborhoods receive connections while adjacent areas remain unserved. Mitigation measures may include grievance redress mechanisms allowing affected parties to raise concerns, construction scheduling that minimizes business disruptions, and transparent communication about service expansion plans preventing unrealistic expectations or perceived favoritism.

5.3 Strategic Recommendations for Implementation Success

Recommendation 1: Establish Transparent Location Selection Criteria and Public Communication

The instruction's requirement for BAPPENAS and PUPR to jointly formulate readiness and utilization criteria provides opportunity to establish transparent, merit-based location selection preventing political favoritism. Implementing agencies should publicly release detailed selection criteria specifying technical readiness factors (completed feasibility studies, secured water sources, land availability), institutional capacity indicators (functional water utilities, financial management systems), demand validation measures (community willingness to pay, beneficiary registration levels), and equity considerations (current service coverage gaps, poverty rates). Publishing criteria before location nomination creates accountability—regional governments understand requirements and can prepare accordingly, while civil society can monitor whether selections actually reflect stated criteria. BAPPENAS should publish the complete verified location database with scores on each criterion, enabling public verification that highest-ranking locations received approvals while lower-ranked areas understand deficiencies requiring remediation before future consideration.

Recommendation 2: Develop Standardized Handover Protocols with Clear Performance Benchmarks

The instruction mandates infrastructure handover from PUPR to regional governments but lacks detailed procedural specifications that could prevent disputes. BAPPENAS and PUPR should jointly develop standardized handover protocols specifying: (a) technical acceptance criteria including water quality testing results, pressure testing, leak detection surveys, and equipment functionality verification; (b) documentation requirements including as-built drawings, equipment manuals, maintenance schedules, and asset registries; (c) capacity transfer requirements including operator training completion certificates and management system functionality; (d) performance benchmarks that handed-over systems must meet including minimum service hours, pressure levels, and water quality parameters; and (e) warranty provisions requiring contractors to remedy defects discovered within 12 months post-handover. These protocols should require that PUPR certifies infrastructure as "operational" rather than merely "constructed" before handover, preventing transfer of facilities requiring additional work before service commencement. Clear performance benchmarks enable regional governments to reject handovers of substandard infrastructure, maintaining pressure on construction quality.

Recommendation 3: Implement Multi-Year Post-Handover Technical Support Agreements

The instruction requires PUPR to provide post-construction technical guidance but does not specify duration, intensity, or termination conditions. PUPR should establish formal three-year technical support agreements with each regional government receiving handed-over infrastructure, specifying graduated assistance declining over time: Year 1 providing intensive on-site support including monthly visits, troubleshooting assistance, and performance monitoring; Year 2 offering quarterly technical reviews, remote advisory services, and targeted training on emerging issues; Year 3 delivering annual performance assessments with recommendations while transitioning to peer learning networks where experienced operators mentor newer systems. These agreements should specify performance milestones regional operators must achieve to progress through support phases, creating incentives for capacity building. Funding for post-handover support should appear as distinct PUPR budget line items rather than relying on construction project budgets that end at physical completion.

Recommendation 4: Establish Presidential Dashboard for Real-Time Acceleration Monitoring

The instruction requires BAPPENAS to report implementation results to the President but does not specify reporting frequency or information granularity. To maintain high-level political attention essential for obstacle resolution, BAPPENAS should develop a Presidential Dashboard providing real-time visibility of acceleration progress. This dashboard should display: (a) house connections installed against annual targets (national aggregate and by region); (b) budget disbursement rates against allocation; (c) infrastructure under construction with completion percentage; (d) systems handed over and operational; (e) identified obstacles with responsible agencies for resolution; and (f) quality indicators including water quality test results and customer satisfaction scores. Real-time monitoring enables immediate presidential intervention when implementation stalls—underperforming regions face high-level pressure while obstacle resolution can be expedited through presidential directives. The dashboard should be publicly accessible, enabling civil society and media monitoring that supplements government oversight.

Recommendation 5: Pilot Integrated Water Utility Models Combining Water and Sanitation Services

The instruction encourages "integrasi pelayanan pengelolaan air limbah domestik dengan air minum" (integration of domestic wastewater management services with drinking water) but Indonesia's water sector remains fragmented with separate drinking water utilities and sanitation operators. BAPPENAS should designate 10-15 pilot districts to implement fully integrated water utilities providing drinking water, sewerage, and fecal sludge management under unified management. Pilots should test alternative integration models including: (a) expanding existing drinking water BUMDs to incorporate sanitation services; (b) merging separate water and sanitation operators into new unified entities; (c) service contracts where drinking water utilities operate sanitation infrastructure on behalf of regional governments. Pilot evaluation after 2-3 years should assess integration impacts on service quality, financial sustainability, customer satisfaction, and operational efficiency. Successful models can then be scaled nationally through Home Affairs guidelines and performance incentives rewarding regions that adopt integrated utility structures. Integration creates synergies including shared billing systems, combined customer service, unified maintenance departments, and financial cross-subsidization supporting sanitation services from water revenues.

Matrix 6: Implementation Success Factors and Risk Mitigation

5.4 Monitoring and Evaluation Priorities

Effective implementation monitoring requires tracking both output indicators (infrastructure constructed) and outcome indicators (service improvements experienced by households). Output monitoring should measure: (1) number of house connections installed against annual targets, disaggregated by region and service area; (2) kilometers of distribution network extended; (3) cubic meters per day of additional water production capacity commissioned; (4) number of households receiving improved sanitation services through SPALD-T or SPALD-S; (5) budget disbursement rates against allocation; (6) percentage of planned locations achieving construction completion; and (7) infrastructure handover rates from PUPR to regional governments. These output metrics enable real-time course correction—regions falling behind can receive targeted support while over-performing regions provide lessons learned for replication elsewhere.

Outcome monitoring should assess actual service quality improvements households experience rather than merely infrastructure existence. Key outcome indicators include: (1) percentage of connected households receiving 24-hour water availability versus intermittent service; (2) water pressure adequacy measured through household surveys or pressure loggers; (3) drinking water quality test results from household taps showing compliance with health standards; (4) household expenditure on water comparing piped water costs against previous water sources; (5) time savings from piped connections versus water collection from distant sources; (6) groundwater extraction rates in areas receiving piped connections; (7) open defecation rates in areas receiving improved sanitation; and (8) wastewater treatment plant effluent quality compliance rates. Outcome monitoring requires household surveys and environmental testing rather than merely administrative data, demanding greater investment but providing essential information on whether infrastructure expansion actually improves water security.

Financial sustainability monitoring must commence during infrastructure construction rather than waiting for operational problems to emerge years later. Critical financial indicators include: (1) regional government O&M budget allocation as percentage of recurrent expenditure; (2) water utility tariff structures and whether rates cover operational costs and asset depreciation; (3) billing and collection efficiency rates measuring utility revenue realization; (4) non-revenue water percentages indicating system losses from leaks and theft; (5) utility financial ratios including operating cost recovery, debt service coverage, and days cash on hand; (6) wastewater tariff establishment rates across regions receiving SPALD infrastructure; and (7) utility capital expenditure levels indicating ability to finance network extensions and equipment renewals. The Ministry of Home Affairs should consolidate financial sustainability data in annual sector reports identifying underperforming utilities requiring intervention before service deterioration becomes irreversible.

Institutional capacity monitoring should track whether regional governments and utilities develop capabilities to independently operate expanded systems without permanent national oversight. Capacity indicators include: (1) percentage of operator staff completing technical certification programs; (2) utility management information system functionality covering billing, asset management, and customer service; (3) preventive maintenance schedule implementation rates; (4) leak detection program establishment and active leak repair rates; (5) water quality testing program frequency and parameter coverage; (6) customer service response times and complaint resolution rates; (7) utility board governance indicators including meeting frequency, financial oversight, and strategic planning; and (8) regional government enforcement of drinking water quality standards and wastewater effluent limits. BAPPENAS and Home Affairs should jointly conduct biennial institutional capacity assessments identifying common weaknesses requiring targeted training programs or technical assistance.

The instruction's requirement for BAPPENAS to report to the President creates opportunity for annual national acceleration reports that communicate progress, challenges, and course corrections. These reports should candidly address implementation obstacles rather than presenting only positive achievements—transparency about difficulties enables appropriate problem-solving rather than concealing issues until they become crises. Annual reports should spotlight best-performing regions and utilities as models for replication while identifying struggling areas requiring additional support. International benchmarking comparing Indonesia's acceleration progress against peer countries pursuing SDG 6 targets provides external reference points assessing whether implementation pace meets global standards. Most importantly, reports should track sustainability indicators alongside construction progress—ensuring that acceleration delivers not merely infrastructure but functional, financially viable, institutionally capable water services that improve Indonesian households' quality of life for decades to come.

Source:

Instruksi Presiden Republik Indonesia Nomor 1 Tahun 2024 tentang Percepatan Penyediaan Air Minum dan Layanan Pengelolaan Air Limbah Domestik. Official source: https://peraturan.bpk.go.id/Details/276749/inpres-no-1-tahun-2024

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