What Is Indonesia's Environmental Protection Framework Under UU 32/2009?
1.0 Introduction and Regulatory Context
1.1 Legislative Background
Undang-Undang Nomor 32 Tahun 2009 tentang Perlindungan dan Pengelolaan Lingkungan Hidup (UU 32/2009 or "UU PPLH") represents Indonesia's foundational framework for environmental protection and management. Enacted on October 3, 2009, under President Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono, this comprehensive legislation replaced the previous UU No. 23 Tahun 1997 tentang Pengelolaan Lingkungan Hidup, marking a significant evolution in Indonesia's environmental governance regime.
The law comprises 127 articles organized into 16 chapters, establishing a comprehensive system for environmental planning, utilization, control, monitoring, and enforcement. Unlike its predecessor, UU 32/2009 introduced critical innovations including the Strategic Environmental Assessment (KLHS), strengthened environmental permit requirements, enhanced criminal sanctions, and explicit recognition of indigenous peoples' rights in environmental management.
1.2 Recent Amendments and Current Legal Status
The regulatory landscape surrounding UU 32/2009 has undergone substantial transformation through the Omnibus Law on Job Creation. The legislative chronology includes:
- UU No. 11 Tahun 2020 tentang Cipta Kerja (enacted October 2020): Initially amended several key provisions of UU 32/2009
- Constitutional Court Decision No. 91/PUU-XVIII/2020 (November 2021): Declared UU 11/2020 conditionally unconstitutional, requiring revision within two years
- Peraturan Pemerintah Pengganti Undang-Undang (Perpu) No. 2 Tahun 2022 tentang Cipta Kerja (issued December 2022): Replaced UU 11/2020 to address constitutional deficiencies
- UU No. 6 Tahun 2023 tentang Penetapan Peraturan Pemerintah Pengganti Undang-Undang Nomor 2 Tahun 2022 tentang Cipta Kerja menjadi Undang-Undang (March 2023): Formalized Perpu 2/2022 into permanent legislation
According to the BPK Legal Database (peraturan.bpk.go.id), UU 32/2009 remains ACTIVE as of November 2025, albeit with significant amendments introduced through the Omnibus Law framework. Substantively, legal experts note minimal differences between UU 11/2020, Perpu 2/2022, and UU 6/2023 regarding environmental provisions, meaning the core amendments remain consistent across these iterations.
1.3 Major Policy Shifts Under the Omnibus Law
The Omnibus Law amendments introduced six critical changes to Indonesia's environmental regulatory architecture:
First, the abolition of the separate "Environmental Permit" (Izin Lingkungan) established under Pasal 36 of the original UU 32/2009. This standalone permit has been replaced by an integrated "Environmental Approval" (Persetujuan Lingkungan) incorporated into the broader business licensing system.
Second, fundamental restructuring of AMDAL (Analisis Mengenai Dampak Lingkungan) requirements. The AMDAL Commission (Komisi Penilai Amdal), previously responsible for independent environmental impact assessments, was eliminated and replaced with a "tim uji kelayakan lingkungan hidup" (environmental feasibility testing team) formed by government-appointed institutions and comprising central government officials, regional government representatives, and certified experts.
Third, significant narrowing of public participation requirements. Under the original UU 32/2009, AMDAL preparation involved both directly affected communities and environmental advocacy groups. The Omnibus Law restricts participation exclusively to "masyarakat yang terdampak" (directly affected communities), potentially limiting broader civil society engagement.
Fourth, modification of strict liability principles (tanggung jawab mutlak). UU Cipta Kerja altered the substantive meaning of strict liability in environmental damage cases, and its implementing regulation (PP Nomor 22 Tahun 2021) further diluted this accountability mechanism.
Fifth, changes to administrative sanctions and enforcement mechanisms. The original UU 32/2009 established a graduated system of administrative penalties including written warnings, government coercion (paksaan pemerintah), permit suspension/revocation, and environmental restoration obligations. The Omnibus Law amendments modified these provisions, though the specific operational changes remain subject to implementing regulations.
Sixth, integration with the Online Single Submission (OSS) system for business licensing. Environmental approvals are now embedded within the broader Risk-Based Approach (RBA) business licensing framework, categorizing business activities by environmental risk level (low, medium, high) rather than uniform AMDAL requirements.
1.4 Regulatory Authority and Jurisdiction
UU 32/2009 establishes a multi-tiered governance structure distributing environmental protection responsibilities across central government (Pemerintah Pusat), provincial governments (Pemerintah Provinsi), and regency/city governments (Pemerintah Kabupaten/Kota). According to Pasal 63, each tier maintains specific authorities:
The central government exercises authority over national environmental policy formulation, establishment of norms-standards-procedures-criteria (NSPK), national-level RPPLH implementation, KLHS policy implementation, AMDAL and UKL-UPL policy oversight, and national natural resource inventory including greenhouse gas emissions monitoring.
Provincial governments hold authority over provincial environmental policy setting, provincial-level KLHS implementation, provincial RPPLH execution, provincial-level AMDAL and UKL-UPL policies, and provincial natural resource inventory and emissions monitoring.
Regency/city governments maintain authority over local environmental policy establishment, local-level KLHS implementation, local RPPLH execution, local AMDAL and UKL-UPL policies, development of environmental instruments, environmental dispute resolution facilitation, and supervision of business compliance with environmental permits.
This analysis examines the core provisions of UU 32/2009 as currently in force, incorporating amendments through UU 6/2023, to provide comprehensive guidance for businesses, government agencies, environmental practitioners, and legal professionals navigating Indonesia's complex environmental regulatory framework.
2.0 Key Definitions and Scope
2.1 Foundational Concepts (Pasal 1)
UU 32/2009 Pasal 1 establishes 38 critical definitions forming the conceptual foundation of Indonesian environmental law. These definitions are presented below in their original Indonesian text with English translations:
Ayat 1. Lingkungan hidup
"Lingkungan hidup adalah kesatuan ruang dengan semua benda, daya, keadaan, dan makhluk hidup, termasuk manusia dan perilakunya, yang mempengaruhi alam itu sendiri, kelangsungan perikehidupan, dan kesejahteraan manusia serta makhluk hidup lain."
Translation: Environment is a spatial unity encompassing all objects, forces, conditions, and living creatures, including humans and their behavior, which influence nature itself, the continuity of life, and the welfare of humans and other living beings.
Ayat 2. Perlindungan dan pengelolaan lingkungan hidup
"Perlindungan dan pengelolaan lingkungan hidup adalah upaya sistematis dan terpadu yang dilakukan untuk melestarikan fungsi lingkungan hidup dan mencegah terjadinya pencemaran dan/atau kerusakan lingkungan hidup yang meliputi perencanaan, pemanfaatan, pengendalian, pemeliharaan, pengawasan, dan penegakan hukum."
Translation: Environmental protection and management is a systematic and integrated effort to preserve environmental functions and prevent pollution and/or environmental damage, encompassing planning, utilization, control, maintenance, supervision, and law enforcement.
Ayat 3. Pembangunan berkelanjutan
"Pembangunan berkelanjutan adalah upaya sadar dan terencana yang memadukan aspek lingkungan hidup, sosial, dan ekonomi ke dalam strategi pembangunan untuk menjamin keutuhan lingkungan hidup serta keselamatan, kemampuan, kesejahteraan, dan mutu hidup generasi masa kini dan generasi masa depan."
Translation: Sustainable development is a conscious and planned effort integrating environmental, social, and economic aspects into development strategies to ensure environmental integrity and the safety, capability, welfare, and quality of life of present and future generations.
Ayat 4. Rencana perlindungan dan pengelolaan lingkungan hidup (RPPLH)
"Rencana perlindungan dan pengelolaan lingkungan hidup yang selanjutnya disingkat RPPLH adalah perencanaan tertulis yang memuat potensi, masalah lingkungan hidup, serta upaya perlindungan dan pengelolaannya dalam kurun waktu tertentu."
Translation: Environmental Protection and Management Plan (RPPLH) is a written planning document containing environmental potential, environmental problems, and protection and management efforts within a specified timeframe.
Ayat 5. Ekosistem
"Ekosistem adalah tatanan unsur lingkungan hidup yang merupakan kesatuan utuh menyeluruh dan saling mempengaruhi dalam membentuk keseimbangan, stabilitas, dan produktivitas lingkungan hidup."
Translation: Ecosystem is an arrangement of environmental elements constituting a complete unified whole that mutually influences each other in forming environmental balance, stability, and productivity.
Ayat 6. Pelestarian fungsi lingkungan hidup
"Pelestarian fungsi lingkungan hidup adalah rangkaian upaya untuk memelihara kelangsungan daya dukung dan daya tampung lingkungan hidup."
Translation: Environmental function preservation is a series of efforts to maintain the continuity of environmental carrying capacity and absorption capacity.
Ayat 7. Daya dukung lingkungan hidup
"Daya dukung lingkungan hidup adalah kemampuan lingkungan hidup untuk mendukung perikehidupan manusia, makhluk hidup lain, dan keseimbangan antarkeduanya."
Translation: Environmental carrying capacity is the environment's ability to support human life, other living beings, and the balance between them.
Ayat 8. Daya tampung lingkungan hidup
"Daya tampung lingkungan hidup adalah kemampuan lingkungan hidup untuk menyerap zat, energi, dan/atau komponen lain yang masuk atau dimasukkan ke dalamnya."
Translation: Environmental absorption capacity is the environment's ability to absorb substances, energy, and/or other components that enter or are introduced into it.
Ayat 9. Sumber daya alam
"Sumber daya alam adalah unsur lingkungan hidup yang terdiri atas sumber daya hayati dan nonhayati yang secara keseluruhan membentuk kesatuan ekosistem."
Translation: Natural resources are environmental elements consisting of biological and non-biological resources that collectively form an ecosystem unity.
Ayat 10. Kajian lingkungan hidup strategis (KLHS)
"Kajian lingkungan hidup strategis, yang selanjutnya disingkat KLHS, adalah rangkaian analisis yang sistematis, menyeluruh, dan partisipatif untuk memastikan bahwa prinsip pembangunan berkelanjutan telah menjadi dasar dan terintegrasi dalam pembangunan suatu wilayah dan/atau kebijakan, rencana, dan/atau program."
Translation: Strategic Environmental Assessment (KLHS) is a systematic, comprehensive, and participatory series of analyses to ensure that sustainable development principles have become the basis and are integrated into regional development and/or policies, plans, and/or programs.
Ayat 11. Analisis mengenai dampak lingkungan hidup (AMDAL)
"Analisis mengenai dampak lingkungan hidup, yang selanjutnya disebut Amdal, adalah kajian mengenai dampak penting suatu usaha dan/atau kegiatan yang direncanakan pada lingkungan hidup yang diperlukan bagi proses pengambilan keputusan tentang penyelenggaraan usaha dan/atau kegiatan."
Translation: Environmental Impact Analysis (AMDAL) is a study of the significant impacts of a planned business and/or activity on the environment required for decision-making processes regarding the implementation of business and/or activities.
Ayat 12. Upaya pengelolaan lingkungan hidup dan upaya pemantauan lingkungan hidup (UKL-UPL)
"Upaya pengelolaan lingkungan hidup dan upaya pemantauan lingkungan hidup, yang selanjutnya disebut UKL-UPL, adalah pengelolaan dan pemantauan terhadap usaha dan/atau kegiatan yang tidak berdampak penting terhadap lingkungan hidup yang diperlukan bagi proses pengambilan keputusan tentang penyelenggaraan usaha dan/atau kegiatan."
Translation: Environmental Management Efforts and Environmental Monitoring Efforts (UKL-UPL) are management and monitoring of businesses and/or activities that do not have significant environmental impacts, required for decision-making processes regarding the implementation of business and/or activities.
Ayat 13. Baku mutu lingkungan hidup
"Baku mutu lingkungan hidup adalah ukuran batas atau kadar makhluk hidup, zat, energi, atau komponen yang ada atau harus ada dan/atau unsur pencemar yang ditenggang keberadaannya dalam suatu sumber daya tertentu sebagai unsur lingkungan hidup."
Translation: Environmental quality standards are measurements of limits or levels of living beings, substances, energy, or components that exist or must exist and/or pollutant elements whose presence is tolerated in specific resources as environmental elements.
Ayat 14. Pencemaran lingkungan hidup
"Pencemaran lingkungan hidup adalah masuk atau dimasukkannya makhluk hidup, zat, energi, dan/atau komponen lain ke dalam lingkungan hidup oleh kegiatan manusia sehingga melampaui baku mutu lingkungan hidup yang telah ditetapkan."
Translation: Environmental pollution is the entry or introduction of living beings, substances, energy, and/or other components into the environment by human activities that exceed established environmental quality standards.
Ayat 15. Kriteria baku kerusakan lingkungan hidup
"Kriteria baku kerusakan lingkungan hidup adalah ukuran batas perubahan sifat fisik, kimia, dan/atau hayati lingkungan hidup yang dapat ditenggang oleh lingkungan hidup untuk dapat tetap melestarikan fungsinya."
Translation: Environmental damage standard criteria are measurements of limits for changes in physical, chemical, and/or biological environmental properties that can be tolerated by the environment while maintaining its functions.
Ayat 16. Perusakan lingkungan hidup
"Perusakan lingkungan hidup adalah tindakan orang yang menimbulkan perubahan langsung atau tidak langsung terhadap sifat fisik, kimia, dan/atau hayati lingkungan hidup sehingga melampaui kriteria baku kerusakan lingkungan hidup."
Translation: Environmental destruction is actions by persons causing direct or indirect changes to the physical, chemical, and/or biological properties of the environment that exceed environmental damage standard criteria.
Ayat 17. Kerusakan lingkungan hidup
"Kerusakan lingkungan hidup adalah perubahan langsung dan/atau tidak langsung terhadap sifat fisik, kimia, dan/atau hayati lingkungan hidup yang melampaui kriteria baku kerusakan lingkungan hidup."
Translation: Environmental damage is direct and/or indirect changes to the physical, chemical, and/or biological properties of the environment that exceed environmental damage standard criteria.
Ayat 18. Konservasi sumber daya alam
"Konservasi sumber daya alam adalah pengelolaan sumber daya alam untuk menjamin pemanfaatannya secara bijaksana serta kesinambungan ketersediaannya dengan tetap memelihara dan meningkatkan kualitas nilai serta keanekaragamannya."
Translation: Natural resource conservation is natural resource management to ensure wise utilization and continuity of availability while maintaining and enhancing quality value and diversity.
Ayat 19. Perubahan iklim
"Perubahan iklim adalah berubahnya iklim yang diakibatkan langsung atau tidak langsung oleh aktivitas manusia sehingga menyebabkan perubahan komposisi atmosfir secara global dan selain itu juga berupa perubahan variabilitas iklim alamiah yang teramati pada kurun waktu yang dapat dibandingkan."
Translation: Climate change is alteration of climate caused directly or indirectly by human activities resulting in changes to global atmospheric composition, and also natural climate variability changes observed over comparable time periods.
Ayat 20. Limbah
"Limbah adalah sisa suatu usaha dan/atau kegiatan."
Translation: Waste is the residue of a business and/or activity.
Ayat 21. Bahan berbahaya dan beracun (B3)
"Bahan berbahaya dan beracun yang selanjutnya disingkat B3 adalah zat, energi, dan/atau komponen lain yang karena sifat, konsentrasi, dan/atau jumlahnya, baik secara langsung maupun tidak langsung, dapat mencemarkan dan/atau merusak lingkungan hidup, dan/atau membahayakan lingkungan hidup, kesehatan, serta kelangsungan hidup manusia dan makhluk hidup lain."
Translation: Hazardous and Toxic Materials (B3) are substances, energy, and/or other components that, due to their nature, concentration, and/or quantity, either directly or indirectly, can pollute and/or damage the environment, and/or endanger the environment, health, and the survival of humans and other living beings.
Ayat 22. Limbah bahan berbahaya dan beracun (Limbah B3)
"Limbah bahan berbahaya dan beracun, yang selanjutnya disebut limbah B3, adalah sisa suatu usaha dan/atau kegiatan yang mengandung B3."
Translation: Hazardous and Toxic Waste (Limbah B3) is residue from a business and/or activity containing B3.
Ayat 23. Pengelolaan limbah B3
"Pengelolaan limbah B3 adalah kegiatan yang meliputi pengurangan, penyimpanan, pengumpulan, pengangkutan, pemanfaatan, pengolahan, dan/atau penimbunan."
Translation: B3 waste management is activities including reduction, storage, collection, transportation, utilization, processing, and/or disposal.
Ayat 24. Dumping (pembuangan)
"Dumping (pembuangan) adalah kegiatan membuang, menempatkan, dan/atau memasukkan limbah dan/atau bahan dalam jumlah, konsentrasi, waktu, dan lokasi tertentu dengan persyaratan tertentu ke media lingkungan hidup tertentu."
Translation: Dumping is the activity of disposing, placing, and/or introducing waste and/or materials in certain quantities, concentrations, times, and locations with specific requirements into certain environmental media.
Ayat 25. Sengketa lingkungan hidup
"Sengketa lingkungan hidup adalah perselisihan antara dua pihak atau lebih yang timbul dari kegiatan yang berpotensi dan/atau telah berdampak pada lingkungan hidup."
Translation: Environmental dispute is a disagreement between two or more parties arising from activities that potentially and/or have impacted the environment.
Ayat 26. Dampak lingkungan hidup
"Dampak lingkungan hidup adalah pengaruh perubahan pada lingkungan hidup yang diakibatkan oleh suatu usaha dan/atau kegiatan."
Translation: Environmental impact is the effect of changes to the environment caused by a business and/or activity.
Ayat 27. Organisasi lingkungan hidup
"Organisasi lingkungan hidup adalah kelompok orang yang terorganisasi dan terbentuk atas kehendak sendiri yang tujuan dan kegiatannya berkaitan dengan lingkungan hidup."
Translation: Environmental organization is an organized group of people formed voluntarily whose objectives and activities relate to the environment.
Ayat 28. Audit lingkungan hidup
"Audit lingkungan hidup adalah evaluasi yang dilakukan untuk menilai ketaatan penanggung jawab usaha dan/atau kegiatan terhadap persyaratan hukum dan kebijakan yang ditetapkan oleh pemerintah."
Translation: Environmental audit is an evaluation conducted to assess the compliance of business and/or activity operators with legal requirements and policies established by the government.
Ayat 29. Ekoregion
"Ekoregion adalah wilayah geografis yang memiliki kesamaan ciri iklim, tanah, air, flora, dan fauna asli, serta pola interaksi manusia dengan alam yang menggambarkan integritas sistem alam dan lingkungan hidup."
Translation: Ecoregion is a geographical area with similar characteristics of climate, soil, water, native flora and fauna, and patterns of human interaction with nature that describe the integrity of natural and environmental systems.
Ayat 30. Kearifan lokal
"Kearifan lokal adalah nilai-nilai luhur yang berlaku dalam tata kehidupan masyarakat untuk antara lain melindungi dan mengelola lingkungan hidup secara lestari."
Translation: Local wisdom are noble values applicable in community life systems, including for protecting and managing the environment sustainably.
Ayat 31. Masyarakat hukum adat
"Masyarakat hukum adat adalah kelompok masyarakat yang secara turun temurun bermukim di wilayah geografis tertentu karena adanya ikatan pada asal usul leluhur, adanya hubungan yang kuat dengan lingkungan hidup, serta adanya sistem nilai yang menentukan pranata ekonomi, politik, sosial, dan hukum."
Translation: Indigenous peoples are community groups that have resided for generations in certain geographical areas due to ancestral ties, strong relationships with the environment, and value systems determining economic, political, social, and legal institutions.
Ayat 32. Setiap orang
"Setiap orang adalah orang perseorangan atau badan usaha, baik yang berbadan hukum maupun yang tidak berbadan hukum."
Translation: Every person is an individual or business entity, whether incorporated or unincorporated.
Ayat 33. Instrumen ekonomi lingkungan hidup
"Instrumen ekonomi lingkungan hidup adalah seperangkat kebijakan ekonomi untuk mendorong Pemerintah, pemerintah daerah, atau setiap orang ke arah pelestarian fungsi lingkungan hidup."
Translation: Environmental economic instruments are a set of economic policies to encourage the Government, regional governments, or every person toward preserving environmental functions.
Ayat 34. Ancaman serius
"Ancaman serius adalah ancaman yang berdampak luas terhadap lingkungan hidup dan menimbulkan keresahan masyarakat."
Translation: Serious threat is a threat with widespread environmental impact that causes public concern.
Ayat 35. Izin lingkungan
"Izin lingkungan adalah izin yang diberikan kepada setiap orang yang melakukan usaha dan/atau kegiatan yang wajib amdal atau UKL-UPL dalam rangka perlindungan dan pengelolaan lingkungan hidup sebagai prasyarat memperoleh izin usaha dan/atau kegiatan."
Translation: Environmental permit is a permit granted to every person conducting business and/or activities requiring AMDAL or UKL-UPL for environmental protection and management as a prerequisite for obtaining business and/or activity permits.
Note: Under the Omnibus Law (UU 11/2020, Perpu 2/2022, UU 6/2023), the standalone "Izin Lingkungan" has been replaced with "Persetujuan Lingkungan" (Environmental Approval) integrated into the OSS business licensing system.
Ayat 36. Izin usaha dan/atau kegiatan
"Izin usaha dan/atau kegiatan adalah izin yang diberikan kepada setiap orang untuk melakukan usaha dan/atau kegiatan."
Translation: Business and/or activity permit is a permit granted to every person to conduct business and/or activities.
Ayat 37. Pemerintah pusat
"Pemerintah pusat yang selanjutnya disebut Pemerintah adalah Presiden Republik Indonesia yang memegang kekuasaan pemerintahan Negara Republik Indonesia sebagaimana dimaksud dalam Undang-Undang Dasar Negara Republik Indonesia Tahun 1945."
Translation: Central government, hereinafter referred to as Government, is the President of the Republic of Indonesia who holds governmental power of the State of the Republic of Indonesia as referred to in the 1945 Constitution of the Republic of Indonesia.
Ayat 38. Pemerintah daerah
"Pemerintah daerah adalah gubernur, bupati, atau walikota, dan perangkat daerah sebagai unsur penyelenggara pemerintahan daerah."
Translation: Regional government is the governor, regent, or mayor, and regional apparatus as elements of regional government administration.
2.2 Scope and Applicability
UU 32/2009 applies comprehensively across all environmental protection and management activities within Indonesian territory, including land, sea, and airspace under Indonesian jurisdiction. The law's scope encompasses:
Sectoral Coverage: All business and industrial activities with actual or potential environmental impacts, including but not limited to mining, manufacturing, agriculture, forestry, fisheries, energy production, construction, transportation, tourism, and waste management.
Geographical Coverage: All areas within Indonesian sovereignty including terrestrial ecosystems, freshwater systems, coastal and marine environments, small islands, and designated conservation areas.
Temporal Application: The law applies to past environmental damage (through liability provisions), ongoing activities (through permit and monitoring requirements), and future planned activities (through AMDAL and environmental approval requirements).
Jurisdictional Reach: Extraterritorial application to Indonesian citizens and business entities conducting activities abroad that may impact Indonesia's environment, and to foreign entities conducting activities that impact Indonesian environmental resources.
3.0 Core Requirements and Provisions
3.1 Fundamental Principles (Pasal 2)
UU 32/2009 Pasal 2 establishes that environmental protection and management shall be implemented based on the following principles:
a. Tanggung jawab negara (state responsibility): The state guarantees sustainable natural resource utilization for the greatest public welfare across generations
b. Kelestarian dan keberlanjutan (preservation and sustainability): Ensuring environmental sustainability for present and future generations
c. Keserasian dan keseimbangan (harmony and balance): Harmonious and balanced environmental utilization
d. Keterpaduan (integration): Integrated coordination across sectors, regions, and stakeholders
e. Manfaat (utility): Ensuring environmental management produces maximum benefits for prosperity, quality of life, and public welfare
f. Kehati-hatian (precautionary principle): Uncertainty regarding environmental impacts shall not delay preventive measures
g. Keadilan (justice): Environmental protection must reflect proportional justice for all citizens across regions and generations
h. Ekoregion (ecoregion-based): Planning based on geographical areas with similar ecological characteristics
i. Keanekaragaman hayati (biodiversity): Paying attention to biological, species, and ecosystem diversity
j. Pencemar membayar (polluter pays): Those responsible for pollution/damage bear restoration and recovery costs
k. Partisipatif (participatory): Community participation in decision-making processes
l. Kearifan lokal (local wisdom): Incorporating indigenous knowledge and traditional environmental management practices
m. Tata kelola pemerintahan yang baik (good governance): Transparency, accountability, effectiveness, and public participation
n. Otonomi daerah (regional autonomy): Recognizing regional government authority within the unitary state framework
3.2 Environmental Planning Framework
Matrix 1: Environmental Planning Hierarchy and Requirements
| Planning Level | Instrument | Responsible Authority | Content Requirements | Timeframe | Legal Basis |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Strategic Assessment | KLHS (Kajian Lingkungan Hidup Strategis) | Central/Provincial/Regency-City Government | Systematic, comprehensive, participatory analysis ensuring sustainable development principles integration into policies, plans, and programs | Pre-policy/plan/program formulation | Pasal 10-18 |
| National Environmental Plan | RPPLH Nasional | Ministry of Environment (now KLHK) | National environmental potential, problems, protection and management strategies for specified period | Typically 5-20 years | Pasal 9, 10 |
| Provincial Environmental Plan | RPPLH Provinsi | Provincial Government (Governor) | Provincial environmental inventory, ecoregion determination, provincial protection strategies | Synchronized with national RPPLH | Pasal 9, 10 |
| Regency/City Environmental Plan | RPPLH Kabupaten/Kota | Regency/City Government (Bupati/Walikota) | Local environmental inventory, local ecoregion areas, community-based protection strategies | Synchronized with provincial RPPLH | Pasal 9, 10 |
| Spatial Planning Integration | Integration of environmental considerations into RTRW | All levels of government | Mandatory incorporation of carrying capacity, absorption capacity, and environmental function preservation | Concurrent with spatial planning process | Pasal 19 |
| Sectoral Environmental Standards | Environmental quality standards and damage criteria | Central Government (KLHK) with sectoral ministries | Specific limits for water, air, soil, seabed quality; damage criteria for ecosystems | Periodically updated based on scientific research | Pasal 20, 21 |
Key Planning Obligations:
KLHS Mandatory Application: Pasal 15 requires KLHS for: (a) formulation and evaluation of national/regional development policies, plans, and programs; (b) spatial planning (Rencana Tata Ruang Wilayah); and (c) other policies, plans, and programs with potential for significant environmental and social impacts.
KLHS Methodology: According to Pasal 16, KLHS includes: (a) assessment of carrying capacity and absorption capacity of the ecoregion for development; (b) estimation of environmental impacts and risks; (c) recommendation of alternative improvement of policies, plans, and/or programs; and (d) recommendations for follow-up actions to prevent, mitigate, and monitor negative impacts.
Consequences of KLHS Findings: Pasal 18 mandates that policies, plans, and programs failing to incorporate KLHS recommendations indicating that carrying capacity and absorption capacity have been exceeded must not be implemented. This represents a substantive constraint on development activities.
Environmental Inventory Requirements: Under Pasal 11, environmental inventory includes: (a) research, data collection, and analysis regarding natural resources, sources and causes of pollution/damage, and impacts from pollution/damage; (b) inventory compilation for input to RPPLH formulation; and (c) inventory conducted continuously and systematically.
Ecoregion Determination: Pasal 12 requires the central government to determine national-scale ecoregions, provincial governments to determine provincial-scale ecoregions, and regency/city governments to determine local-scale ecoregions. These ecoregion boundaries must consider: (a) watershed boundaries; (b) ecological characteristics including climate, geology, soil, hydrology, flora, and fauna; (c) socio-economic-cultural characteristics; and (d) administrative boundaries.
3.3 Environmental Impact Assessment and Permitting
Matrix 2: AMDAL and Environmental Permit Requirements
| Requirement Category | AMDAL-Required Activities | UKL-UPL Activities | Environmental Approval Process (Post-Omnibus) | Consequences of Non-Compliance |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Legal Threshold | Activities with "significant environmental impact" per Pasal 22 | Activities without significant environmental impact per Pasal 34 | All business activities categorized by risk level (low/medium/high) under OSS-RBA system | Pasal 69: Prohibition on conducting activities without proper environmental assessment |
| Significance Criteria | Per Pasal 22: (a) affected population; (b) impacted area extent; (c) impact intensity and duration; (d) number of other environmental components affected; (e) cumulative nature; (f) reversibility or irreversibility | Does not meet AMDAL significance thresholds | Determined by government regulation based on sectoral characteristics | Criminal sanctions under Pasal 109: imprisonment 1-3 years and/or fine Rp1-3 billion |
| Required Documents | - KA-ANDAL (Scoping Document) - ANDAL (EIA) - RKL (Management Plan) - RPL (Monitoring Plan) |
- UKL Form (Management) - UPL Form (Monitoring) |
- Environmental Documents integrated into NIB (Business Identification Number) - Risk-based approval requirements |
Administrative sanctions: written warning, government coercion, permit suspension/revocation (Pasal 76-82) |
| Assessment Authority (Original UU 32/2009) | AMDAL Commission (Komisi Penilai Amdal) - independent multi-stakeholder body | Technical agency reviewing UKL-UPL submission | Replaced under Omnibus Law | Nullification of business permit if environmental approval revoked (Pasal 40) |
| Assessment Authority (Post-Omnibus) | Tim Uji Kelayakan Lingkungan Hidup - government-appointed team comprising central government, regional government, and certified experts | Integrated into OSS system with automated/technical review | Environmental Feasibility Testing Team issues Environmental Feasibility Decision (Keputusan Kelayakan Lingkungan) | Loss of legal operating basis |
| Public Participation (Original) | Mandatory involvement of: (a) affected communities; (b) environmental advocacy organizations; (c) experts | Limited public consultation | Narrowed under Omnibus Law | Potential criminal liability under Pasal 112: imprisonment 1-3 years and/or fine Rp1-3 billion for AMDAL compilers providing false information |
| Public Participation (Post-Omnibus) | Restricted to "directly affected communities" (masyarakat yang terdampak) - environmental advocacy groups excluded | Minimal or no public participation required | Direct community participation only | Civil liability for environmental damage |
| Permit Linkage (Original) | Environmental Permit (Izin Lingkungan) prerequisite for all other business permits per Pasal 36 | Environmental Permit prerequisite for business operation | Replaced under Omnibus Law | Business operations without environmental compliance subject to forced closure (Pasal 76) |
| Permit Linkage (Post-Omnibus) | Environmental Approval (Persetujuan Lingkungan) integrated into NIB through OSS system | Environmental approval embedded in risk-based licensing | Single integrated licensing system - environmental approval component of comprehensive business permit | Enhanced enforcement through integrated monitoring system |
| Validity Period | Environmental Permit valid throughout business operation period (original framework) | Same as business permit | Environmental Approval tied to business permit validity | Periodic environmental audit requirements |
| Review and Monitoring | Periodic AMDAL review (every 5 years or major activity changes) | Annual UKL-UPL reporting | Continuous monitoring through OSS dashboard + field supervision | Administrative and criminal sanctions for non-compliance |
Detailed AMDAL Process Requirements (Pasal 22-32):
Activities Requiring AMDAL: Pasal 22 identifies significant environmental impact based on: (a) change in landform and landscape; (b) exploitation of natural resources; (c) potential for pollution and environmental damage; (d) utilization or degradation of biodiversity; and/or (e) introduction of invasive species, genetically modified organisms, and disease.
AMDAL Document Preparation: Per Pasal 26, AMDAL documents comprise: (a) Kerangka Acuan Analisis Dampak Lingkungan Hidup (KA-ANDAL / Terms of Reference); (b) Analisis Dampak Lingkungan Hidup (ANDAL / Environmental Impact Analysis); (c) Rencana Pengelolaan Lingkungan Hidup (RKL / Environmental Management Plan); and (d) Rencana Pemantauan Lingkungan Hidup (RPL / Environmental Monitoring Plan).
Compiler Qualifications: Pasal 28 requires AMDAL preparation by certified environmental impact assessment compilers (penyusun AMDAL bersertifikat). The law imposes criminal liability on compilers who provide false or misleading information (Pasal 112: imprisonment 1-3 years and/or fines Rp1-3 billion).
Assessment Procedure (Original Framework): Under the original UU 32/2009, the AMDAL Commission (Komisi Penilai Amdal) comprised government representatives, experts, and community representatives. The Commission assessed AMDAL documents for technical adequacy, scientific rigor, and public interest considerations. The assessment culminated in an Environmental Feasibility Decision (Keputusan Kelayakan Lingkungan Hidup).
Assessment Procedure (Post-Omnibus Framework): The Omnibus Law eliminated the independent AMDAL Commission and replaced it with a government-controlled Tim Uji Kelayakan Lingkungan Hidup. This team, formed by designated government institutions, comprises central government officials, regional government representatives, and certified experts appointed by the government. The team issues an Environmental Feasibility Decision that forms the basis for the Environmental Approval.
Environmental Permit Issuance (Original Framework): Pasal 36 required businesses conducting AMDAL or UKL-UPL activities to obtain an Environmental Permit (Izin Lingkungan) prior to obtaining business/activity permits. The Environmental Permit served as a standalone authorization issued by the Minister of Environment, Governor, or Regent/Mayor based on the Environmental Feasibility Decision or UKL-UPL recommendations.
Environmental Approval Issuance (Post-Omnibus Framework): The standalone Environmental Permit has been replaced with an integrated Environmental Approval (Persetujuan Lingkungan) processed through the Online Single Submission (OSS) system. The Environmental Approval is not a separate document but rather an integrated component of the comprehensive business permit (izin berusaha) issued through the OSS platform based on risk-based categorization.
Permit Nullification Consequences: Pasal 40 establishes that business/activity permits automatically become null and void if the Environmental Permit (or Environmental Approval under the Omnibus framework) is revoked. This linkage ensures environmental compliance remains a fundamental precondition for legal business operations.
3.4 Environmental Quality Standards and Damage Criteria
Baku Mutu Lingkungan Hidup (Environmental Quality Standards): Pasal 20 requires the central government to establish environmental quality standards comprising: (a) air quality standards; (b) seawater quality standards; (c) freshwater quality standards; (d) soil quality standards; (e) environmental damage criteria. Provincial and regency/city governments may establish more stringent standards for their jurisdictions.
Types of Environmental Standards: The regulatory framework includes: (a) effluent quality standards (baku mutu air limbah) specifying maximum pollutant levels in discharged wastewater; (b) emission standards (baku mutu emisi) specifying maximum pollutant levels in air emissions; (c) ambient quality standards (baku mutu ambient) specifying acceptable environmental conditions in receiving media; and (d) hazardous waste management standards (baku mutu limbah B3).
Environmental Damage Criteria: Pasal 21 establishes that environmental damage criteria specify limits for physical, chemical, and/or biological environmental changes that can be tolerated while preserving environmental functions. These criteria serve as thresholds triggering legal obligations for damage prevention, mitigation, and restoration.
Compliance Monitoring: Business operators must conduct routine environmental quality monitoring and report results to competent authorities. Exceedances of environmental standards trigger administrative sanctions and potential criminal liability.
4.0 Implementation Framework
4.1 Hazardous Materials and Waste Management
Matrix 3: B3 and Hazardous Waste Management Requirements
| Management Stage | Regulatory Requirements | Responsible Parties | Documentation | Sanctions for Non-Compliance |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| B3 Classification and Inventory | Identification and classification of all B3 materials used, produced, or stored based on hazard characteristics (toxic, flammable, corrosive, reactive, infectious) | Business operators using/producing B3 | Material Safety Data Sheets (MSDS), B3 inventory records, hazard classification documentation | Pasal 102: imprisonment 1-3 years and/or fine Rp1-3 billion for B3 activities without permit |
| B3 Permit Requirements | Permits required for: (a) production; (b) storage; (c) collection; (d) transportation; (e) utilization; (f) processing; (g) export/import | B3 producers, handlers, transporters, processors | B3 Management Permit (Izin Pengelolaan B3) from KLHK or authorized provincial/regency authorities | Administrative sanctions: written warning, government coercion, permit suspension/revocation (Pasal 76) |
| Hazardous Waste Generation | Waste minimization obligations, source reduction, recycling, recovery where technically and economically feasible | B3 waste generators | Waste minimization plans, annual generation reports, manifest system documentation | Pasal 103: imprisonment 1-3 years and/or fine Rp1-3 billion for B3 waste management without permit |
| Storage | Temporary storage (maximum 90 days) in authorized facilities meeting technical standards for containment, labeling, security | B3 waste generators and storage facility operators | Storage records, facility inspection reports, emergency response plans | Civil liability for environmental damage from improper storage |
| Collection and Transportation | Licensed hazardous waste transporters using approved vehicles, manifests, emergency response equipment | Licensed hazardous waste transport companies | Waste manifests tracking waste from generation to final disposal, vehicle permits, driver certification | Pasal 60: transportation without manifest constitutes environmental offense |
| Treatment/Processing | Processing at licensed facilities using approved technologies to reduce hazard, volume, or convert to non-hazardous form | Licensed B3 waste treatment facilities | Processing records, residual waste characterization, emissions/effluent monitoring | Operational permit suspension or revocation for non-compliance |
| Disposal | Final disposal only at authorized hazardous waste landfills meeting liner, leachate collection, monitoring requirements | Licensed hazardous waste disposal facilities | Disposal records, landfill monitoring data, post-closure care plans | Pasal 103: imprisonment 1-3 years and/or fine Rp1-3 billion |
| Export/Import | Prior written approval from KLHK for export; import of hazardous waste prohibited except for recycling/recovery with approval | Exporters/importers of B3 waste | Basel Convention notification and consent documents, export/import permits | Pasal 69 ayat (1) huruf d: prohibition on importing hazardous waste into Indonesian territory |
| Dumping Prohibition | Absolute prohibition on dumping B3 waste into Indonesian territorial waters, exclusive economic zone, or continental shelf | All persons and entities | Environmental monitoring records demonstrating compliance | Pasal 104: imprisonment 3-12 years and/or fine Rp3-12 billion for dumping B3 waste |
| Emergency Response | Spill response plans, containment equipment, trained personnel, notification procedures to authorities | B3 and B3 waste handlers | Emergency response plans, drill records, spill incident reports | Liability for cleanup costs and environmental damage |
| Record Keeping | Comprehensive records of B3/B3 waste generation, storage, transport, treatment, disposal maintained for minimum 5 years | All parties in B3 waste management chain | Manifest systems, annual reports to KLHK, facility operating records | Administrative sanctions for inadequate record-keeping |
Pasal 59: Dumping Prohibition: Dumping waste and/or materials into environmental media is prohibited except with permits. Dumping permits may only be issued after considering: (a) characteristics and volume of waste/materials; (b) marine ecosystem capacity; (c) marine biodiversity protection; (d) public health protection; (e) alternative disposal options; and (f) international agreements.
Pasal 60: Prohibited Dumping Activities: Every person is prohibited from dumping: (a) waste and/or materials in forms exceeding permitted thresholds; (b) waste and/or materials containing hazardous materials exceeding quality standards; (c) hazardous and toxic waste; (d) waste from abroad.
Criminal Sanctions for B3 Violations: UU 32/2009 imposes severe criminal penalties for B3-related offenses: (a) Pasal 102: imprisonment 1-3 years and/or fine Rp1-3 billion for conducting B3 activities without permit; (b) Pasal 103: imprisonment 1-3 years and/or fine Rp1-3 billion for producing/managing B3 waste without permit; (c) Pasal 104: imprisonment 3-12 years and/or fine Rp3-12 billion for dumping waste/materials causing environmental pollution, death, or serious injury; (d) Enhanced penalties if violations result in serious pollution or human deaths.
4.2 Enforcement Architecture
Matrix 4: Administrative, Civil, and Criminal Enforcement Mechanisms
| Enforcement Type | Legal Basis | Triggering Violations | Enforcement Authority | Available Sanctions | Procedural Requirements | Appeal Rights |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Administrative Sanctions | Pasal 76-82 | Non-compliance with: (a) environmental quality standards; (b) environmental damage criteria; (c) permit conditions; (d) reporting obligations; (e) management plan implementation | Minister of Environment (KLHK), Governor, or Regent/Mayor depending on permit issuing authority | 1. Written warning 2. Government coercion (paksaan pemerintah) 3. Permit suspension 4. Permit revocation 5. Administrative fines |
Graduated enforcement: written warning first, escalation if non-compliance continues | Administrative appeal to superior authority within 14 days of sanction decision |
| Government Coercion (Paksaan Pemerintah) | Pasal 76 ayat (2) | Failure to comply with written warnings | Same as above | Government-enforced actions: (a) termination of pollution-causing activities; (b) facility closure or production line shutdown; (c) relocation of equipment; (d) confiscation of pollution-causing items; (e) forced environmental restoration | Preliminary written warning, reasonable time for compliance, formal coercion decision if warning ignored | Can challenge legality of coercion order in State Administrative Court (PTUN) |
| Administrative Fines | Pasal 80 | Specific regulatory violations designated in implementing regulations | KLHK, Provincial Environmental Agencies, Regency/City Environmental Agencies | Fines calculated based on: (a) violation severity; (b) environmental damage extent; (c) violator's economic capacity; (d) duration of non-compliance | Violation notice, opportunity to respond, formal fine decision | Appeal to superior administrative authority |
| Environmental Restoration Orders | Pasal 78 | Environmental damage beyond standard criteria | Minister, Governor, or Regent/Mayor | Mandatory actions: (a) source pollution closure; (b) damage mitigation; (c) environmental recovery; (d) other necessary measures | Technical assessment of damage, restoration plan approval, implementation monitoring | Limited - restoration obligation generally not appealable, but implementation methods negotiable |
| Civil Liability | Pasal 87-92 | Environmental pollution or damage causing losses to others | Courts with jurisdiction (District Court - Pengadilan Negeri) | Compensatory damages for: (a) economic losses; (b) environmental restoration costs; (c) specific performance (restoration obligations); (d) injunctive relief | Civil lawsuit filed by: (a) affected persons; (b) environmental organizations (with limitations); (c) government (on behalf of public interest) | Standard civil appeal process: Appeal Court → Supreme Court |
| Strict Liability | Pasal 88 | Hazardous and toxic material-related environmental damage | Courts with jurisdiction | Liability without proof of fault: (a) burden of proof reversal; (b) mandatory compensation; (c) environmental restoration at violator's expense | Plaintiff need only prove: (a) damage occurred; (b) damage caused by business using B3; (c) causal connection between business and damage | Same as civil liability; defendant may present force majeure defense |
| Class Action Lawsuits | Pasal 91 | Mass environmental damage affecting multiple victims with similar legal interests | Courts with jurisdiction | Collective damages, collective restoration orders, punitive damages (if applicable) | Proper class certification, representative plaintiffs, commonality of claims | Standard civil appeal procedures |
| Environmental Organization Standing | Pasal 92 | Environmental damage affecting public interest | Courts with jurisdiction | Injunctive relief, restoration orders, damages to environmental restoration funds | Organization requirements: (a) legal entity status; (b) environmental protection objectives in charter; (c) conducted environmental activities at least 2 years; (d) no economic profit motive | Standard civil procedures |
| Government Public Interest Lawsuits | Pasal 90 | Environmental damage affecting public interest beyond individual compensation | Courts with jurisdiction (Government as plaintiff) | Public interest damages, environmental restoration, injunctive relief | Government discretion to file, typically when: (a) widespread public harm; (b) individual lawsuits insufficient; (c) public environmental resources damaged | Government can appeal as any civil party |
| Criminal Sanctions | Pasal 97-120 | Violations of Pasal 69 prohibitions: (a) pollution beyond standards; (b) intentional environmental damage; (c) B3 violations; (d) illegal dumping; (e) AMDAL fraud; (f) land burning; (g) obstruction of environmental officials | District Court with jurisdiction; Police and Environmental Investigators conduct investigation | Imprisonment: 1-15 years depending on offense severity Fines: Rp500 million - Rp15 billion depending on offense Additional penalties: (a) asset confiscation; (b) facility closure; (c) pollution source cessation; (d) restoration obligations; (e) public announcement of conviction |
Criminal investigation by Police or specialized Environmental Investigators (PPNS Lingkungan Hidup), prosecution by Prosecutor's Office (Kejaksaan), adjudication by District Court | Standard criminal appeal: Appeal Court → Supreme Court → Judicial Review (Peninjauan Kembali) |
| Corporate Criminal Liability | Pasal 116-118 | Criminal environmental offenses committed by corporate entities | Same as individual criminal liability | Corporate criminal liability if offense: (a) committed by corporate representatives; (b) conducted within corporate scope; (c) conferred corporate benefit; (d) corporate failed to prevent offense Sanctions: (a) principal fine tripled from individual offense; (b) additional penalties including business license revocation, facility confiscation, company dissolution |
Corporation prosecuted separately or jointly with individual perpetrators | Same criminal appeal rights as individuals |
| Enhanced Penalties | Pasal 98, 99 | Environmental crimes resulting in: (a) human death; (b) serious injury; (c) severe pollution; (d) ecosystem destruction | Courts with jurisdiction | Enhanced imprisonment (up to maximum + 1/3) and fines (up to maximum + 1/3) based on consequential harm | Proof of causal connection between violation and enhanced harm | Same as criminal procedures |
Key Enforcement Innovations:
Specialized Environmental Investigators: Pasal 94 establishes Civil Servant Investigators (Penyidik Pegawai Negeri Sipil / PPNS) within the Ministry of Environment and regional environmental agencies with specialized authority to investigate environmental crimes. These investigators possess powers to: (a) conduct site inspections; (b) examine documents and records; (c) take samples for testing; (d) summon witnesses; (e) request expert testimony; and (f) confiscate evidence.
Evidentiary Tools: Pasal 96 allows courts to consider the following as evidence in environmental criminal cases: (a) statements by experts; (b) written documents including laboratory test results; (c) witness testimony; (d) electronic information and documents; (e) other evidence permitted under criminal procedure law. This broad evidentiary scope facilitates prosecution of complex environmental crimes.
Burden of Proof Reversal: Pasal 88 on strict liability represents a major departure from traditional tort principles. When damage results from businesses using hazardous materials, the defendant bears the burden of proving they exercised due care and that damage resulted from force majeure events beyond their control. This reversal significantly aids plaintiffs in environmental damage cases.
Environmental Restoration Prioritization: Throughout the enforcement framework, environmental restoration takes precedence over punitive sanctions. Pasal 87 prioritizes dispute resolution focused on environmental recovery rather than purely compensatory damages.
5.0 Practical Implications
5.1 Compliance Obligations for Business Operators
Business entities conducting activities with environmental impacts face multifaceted compliance obligations under UU 32/2009 as amended:
Pre-Operational Phase: (1) Conduct KLHS if developing policies or large-scale projects; (2) Prepare AMDAL documents for significant-impact activities or UKL-UPL for lower-impact activities; (3) Obtain Environmental Approval through the OSS-RBA system (post-Omnibus) or Environmental Permit (pre-Omnibus); (4) Ensure Environmental Approval/Permit obtained before applying for operational permits; (5) Secure necessary B3 management permits if handling hazardous materials.
Operational Phase: (1) Implement environmental management plans (RKL) and monitoring plans (RPL) or UKL-UPL commitments; (2) Conduct routine environmental quality monitoring (air emissions, wastewater effluent, ambient conditions); (3) Maintain environmental monitoring records and reports; (4) Submit periodic environmental compliance reports to authorities (typically semester or annual); (5) Maintain B3 manifest systems and waste management documentation; (6) Conduct environmental audits as required; (7) Respond promptly to environmental incidents with notification to authorities and remediation actions.
Modification Phase: (1) Amend AMDAL or UKL-UPL documents if significant operational changes occur; (2) Obtain amended Environmental Approval for substantial modifications; (3) Update environmental management and monitoring plans to reflect operational changes.
Closure Phase: (1) Implement closure and post-closure environmental management plans; (2) Conduct environmental restoration of disturbed areas; (3) Establish long-term environmental monitoring for closed facilities (particularly for mining and hazardous waste disposal); (4) Provide financial assurances (closure bonds or environmental guarantees) for restoration obligations.
5.2 Impact of Omnibus Law Amendments on Business Practice
The Omnibus Law amendments (UU 11/2020, Perpu 2/2022, UU 6/2023) fundamentally restructured business environmental compliance:
Integrated Licensing System: The standalone Environmental Permit (Izin Lingkungan) has been replaced with integrated Environmental Approval (Persetujuan Lingkungan) embedded within the comprehensive business permit (izin berusaha) issued through the OSS platform. Businesses now receive a single Business Identification Number (NIB) incorporating environmental approval rather than separate sequential permits.
Risk-Based Categorization: Business activities are categorized as low, medium-low, medium-high, or high risk based on environmental impact potential. This categorization determines documentary requirements: (a) Low risk: self-declaration through OSS; (b) Medium-low risk: standard certificate without detailed environmental documents; (c) Medium-high risk: UKL-UPL equivalent integrated into OSS; (d) High risk: full AMDAL documentation required.
Reduced Public Participation: The narrowing of public participation from "affected communities plus environmental groups" to only "directly affected communities" reduces external scrutiny but may also reduce social license to operate. Businesses should proactively engage broader stakeholders even when not legally required to prevent conflicts and reputational damage.
Government-Controlled Assessment: Replacement of the independent AMDAL Commission with government-appointed feasibility testing teams may streamline approval processes but potentially reduces checks and balances. Businesses should ensure AMDAL documents meet high technical standards to withstand potential legal challenges from civil society organizations.
Enhanced Integration with Spatial Planning: The Omnibus Law strengthened integration between environmental approvals and spatial planning conformity. Businesses must ensure activities align with designated land use in spatial plans (RTRW) to obtain environmental approvals.
5.3 Strategic Recommendations
For Business Operators: (1) Proactively integrate environmental considerations into business planning and design phases rather than treating environmental compliance as an afterthought; (2) Invest in environmental management systems (e.g., ISO 14001) to systematize compliance and demonstrate due diligence; (3) Maintain robust environmental monitoring and documentation systems to defend against potential administrative or civil liability; (4) Engage qualified environmental consultants and certified AMDAL compilers to prepare environmental documents; (5) Establish community relations programs extending beyond legal minimum participation requirements to build social license; (6) Implement comprehensive B3 management systems if handling hazardous materials, with particular attention to waste minimization; (7) Consider environmental insurance products to manage potential liability exposure; (8) Conduct periodic internal environmental audits to identify and remediate non-compliance before external enforcement actions.
For Government Agencies: (1) Develop clear, accessible implementing regulations providing detailed procedural guidance for Environmental Approval processes under the Omnibus framework; (2) Establish transparent, science-based criteria for risk categorization to ensure consistency across sectors; (3) Build capacity of environmental feasibility testing teams with ongoing technical training; (4) Implement robust monitoring and enforcement systems leveraging digital technologies for compliance tracking; (5) Maintain balance between investment facilitation and environmental protection in operationalizing the Omnibus Law; (6) Facilitate public access to environmental information including environmental approval documents and compliance reports; (7) Strengthen coordination across ministries and government levels to prevent regulatory gaps or conflicts.
For Civil Society Organizations: (1) Monitor implementation of Omnibus Law amendments to identify weaknesses in environmental protection; (2) Utilize freedom of information mechanisms to access environmental documents and compliance data; (3) Leverage civil liability provisions (Pasal 87-92) including organizational standing rights to bring environmental damage lawsuits; (4) Engage in KLHS processes at policy formulation stage to influence development frameworks; (5) Build technical capacity to review and critique AMDAL documents; (6) Collaborate with affected communities to ensure meaningful participation in narrowed consultation processes; (7) Document environmental violations and non-compliance for potential legal action or public advocacy.
5.4 Emerging Regulatory Developments
Several regulatory developments merit attention from stakeholders:
Climate Change Integration: Pasal 1 ayat (19) defines climate change, and Pasal 63 includes greenhouse gas emissions inventory among government environmental responsibilities. Indonesia is developing regulatory frameworks for climate mitigation and adaptation, carbon markets, and carbon tax systems that will intersect with UU 32/2009 environmental compliance obligations.
Circular Economy Initiatives: The government is promoting circular economy principles through extended producer responsibility (EPR) regulations, plastic waste management requirements, and sustainable consumption policies that impose new environmental obligations on manufacturers and retailers.
Environmental Economic Instruments: Pasal 42-43 authorize environmental economic instruments including fiscal incentives, environmental funds, payments for ecosystem services, green procurement, and environmental insurance. Implementing regulations are progressively operationalizing these instruments, creating both compliance obligations and business opportunities.
Digital Environmental Monitoring: Integration of environmental compliance into the OSS digital platform represents broader digitalization of environmental governance. Businesses should prepare for real-time environmental monitoring requirements, automated compliance reporting systems, and digital enforcement mechanisms.
ASEAN Regional Integration: Indonesia's environmental regulations increasingly align with ASEAN environmental frameworks including the ASEAN Agreement on Transboundary Haze Pollution and various environmental quality harmonization initiatives, affecting businesses operating across Southeast Asian markets.
5.5 Conclusion
UU 32/2009 tentang Perlindungan dan Pengelolaan Lingkungan Hidup, as amended by the Omnibus Law framework (UU 11/2020, Perpu 2/2022, UU 6/2023), represents Indonesia's comprehensive environmental protection architecture balancing economic development with environmental sustainability. The law establishes sophisticated planning instruments (KLHS, RPPLH), environmental assessment requirements (AMDAL, UKL-UPL), hazardous materials management frameworks, and multi-layered enforcement mechanisms spanning administrative, civil, and criminal domains.
The Omnibus Law amendments introduced fundamental structural changes including integrated licensing through the OSS-RBA system, replacement of independent environmental permitting with government-controlled environmental approvals, risk-based categorization of business activities, and narrowed public participation. These changes aim to facilitate investment and streamline business licensing while maintaining environmental protection standards, though implementation effectiveness remains subject to ongoing evaluation.
Compliance requires sophisticated understanding of multi-tiered regulatory requirements, proactive integration of environmental considerations throughout business lifecycles, robust environmental management systems, and strategic engagement with government authorities, affected communities, and civil society stakeholders. As Indonesia's environmental regulatory framework continues evolving through implementing regulations, digital governance systems, and climate-related policy development, businesses and other stakeholders must maintain vigilance in tracking regulatory changes and adapting compliance programs accordingly.
The effectiveness of UU 32/2009 in achieving its stated objectives of environmental protection, sustainable resource utilization, and intergenerational equity ultimately depends on consistent, transparent, science-based implementation by government agencies; responsible compliance by business operators; and active engagement by civil society in monitoring, advocacy, and where necessary, legal action to enforce environmental rights and obligations.
Sources:
- BPK Legal Database: https://peraturan.bpk.go.id/details/38771/uu-no-32-tahun-2009
- Ministry of Finance JDIH: https://jdih-old.kemenkeu.go.id/FullText/2009/32TAHUN2009UU.htm
- National Legal Development Agency (BPHN): https://bphn.go.id/berita-kegiatan/evaluasi-uu-pplh-bagaimana-uu-cipta-kerja-mengubah-aturan-perlindungan-dan-pengelolaan-lingkungan-hidup
- Osaka University Green Access: https://greenaccess.law.osaka-u.ac.jp/wp-content/uploads/2019/03/Law-No.32-of-2009-on-The-Management-and-Protection-of-the-Environment.pdf
- IEA Policy Database: https://www.iea.org/policies/8869-environment-law-no-322009
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